Proxemics Theory Overview

Questions and Answers

Which behavior is often displayed by deceptive individuals under stress?

Frequent blinking (correct)

Increased smiling

Consistent eye contact

Calm breathing

What can excessive eye contact during a conversation indicate?

Comfort with the topic

Attempts to appear sincere (correct)

A desire to connect

Genuine trust

What might a person avoid doing while giving an alibi to hide their guilt?

Speaking loudly

Sitting still

Making eye contact (correct)

Laughing

What type of emotional expression could indicate that someone is trying to hide their true feelings?

Exaggerated smiles or expressions of regret Signup and view all the answers

How might liars' speech patterns differ from those of truthful individuals?

They exhibit frequent interruptions and corrections Signup and view all the answers

What might a person say to sound more sincere while rejecting a request?

I can’t do it next week. Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological sign is commonly associated with lying?

Dilated pupils Signup and view all the answers

How do liars typically react when they are asked questions?

They may take longer to respond. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of maintaining public distance, which is over 12 feet?

To feel secure and safe. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of distance is generally reserved for significant others and friends?

Personal Distance Signup and view all the answers

According to the facial feedback hypothesis, what effect do facial expressions have on emotions?

They can influence and change feelings. Signup and view all the answers

What was the method used by Davis et al. (2010) to address biases in self-reported emotions?

Employing Botox and Restylane injections. Signup and view all the answers

What did participants experience when they suppressed smiling muscles during the study by McCanne and Anderson (1987)?

Reduced enjoyment of positive events. Signup and view all the answers

How is intimate distance characterized in terms of social interactions?

A close proximity reserved for romantic partners. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of proxemics, what is the primary function of social distance?

To maintain a safe distance in formal interactions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the key finding that supports the facial feedback hypothesis from the use of Botox in studies?

Facial muscle paralysis diminishes emotional reactions to stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

What does the controllability dimension refer to in the context of attribution?

Whether the cause of an event is within the learner's control Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes a stable cause in attribution?

Feeling that one’s lack of math ability is a permanent obstacle Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of correspondence bias?

Believing a late arrival was due to a personal flaw rather than traffic Signup and view all the answers

In the Jones and Harris study, what did participants do despite knowing that essay positions were assigned?

They still judged the essays based on personal beliefs of the writers Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes an unstable cause according to the attribution framework?

Considering illness as a temporary factor impacting performance Signup and view all the answers

What type of errors are identified as basic sources of attribution errors?

Fundamental attribution error Signup and view all the answers

How does one demonstrate the controllability dimension in a learning scenario?

By believing that more practice could lead to a better outcome Signup and view all the answers

What might a person conclude if they fall into the correspondence bias when analyzing behavior?

They will assume the behavior is due to personal traits, ignoring external factors Signup and view all the answers

How do Americans of European descent differ from Chinese Americans in terms of self-serving bias?

They exhibit a stronger self-serving bias. Signup and view all the answers

In a very unfavorable division scenario, what did participants believe about their partner?

The partner was often perceived as human. Signup and view all the answers

What type of attributions do depressed individuals typically make for negative outcomes?

Lasting internal causes like personal traits. Signup and view all the answers

How does the attributional pattern of depressed individuals affect their sense of control?

It contributes to a perceived lack of control over their lives. Signup and view all the answers

What is a goal of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in relation to self-defeating attributions?

Reframe failures as results of external factors. Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to the vicious cycle of depression?

A tendency to make self-defeating attributions. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during impression formation when meeting someone for the first time?

Sensory information is combined into an initial mental impression. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of attributional patterns in depression makes them particularly challenging to change?

They become progressively stronger once depression sets in. Signup and view all the answers

What does a high distinctiveness attribution suggest about Alex's performance in other subjects?

Alex performs well in other subjects. Signup and view all the answers

According to Weiner's Attribution Theory, what significantly influences future effort levels in response to success or failure?

Attribution characteristics Signup and view all the answers

In Shaver's Attribution Theory, what is suggested about behavior?

It is predictable and organized. Signup and view all the answers

What dimension refers to whether the cause of an event is stable or unstable?

Stability Signup and view all the answers

What attribution type suggests that only Alex performed poorly in a certain course?

Low consensus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects internal attribution according to Weiner's model?

Alex feels she did not study enough. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of high consistency in Alex's performance?

There is an indication of a stable pattern of poor performance. Signup and view all the answers

What does an external attribution imply when a learner blames the teacher for their failure?

The responsibility is placed on external factors. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Proxemics

Edward Hall introduced proxemics in 1966, examining how people regulate social distance to manage stimuli from others.
Public Distance (Over 12 Feet): Used in public speaking for power displays and safety; involves loud communication.
Social Distance (4 to 12 Feet): Suitable for formal interactions, allowing visibility and auditory clarity without physical contact.
Personal Distance (1.5 to 4 Feet): Reserves space for friends and significant others; facilitates quiet conversation and nonverbal cues.
Intimate Distance (Less than 1.5 Feet): Reserved for romantic partners and close friends, enabling close physical interaction.

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Proposed by Laird in 1984, suggesting facial expressions can influence internal emotions.
McCanne and Anderson (1987) demonstrated that suppressing smiling reduced enjoyment of positive events.
Botox and Restylane studies (Davis et al. 2010) found that paralyzing facial muscles altered emotional reactions to stimuli.

Eye Contact

Deceptive individuals may blink more often and have dilated pupils due to the stress of lying.
Liars may exhibit abnormal eye contact, either avoiding it or overcompensating with excessive staring.
Examples include someone avoiding eye contact when guilty or staring intensely while trying to seem honest.

Exaggerated Facial Expressions

Overly expressive behaviors, like exaggerated smiles or regret, can signal deception.
Such expressions often indicate an attempt to mask true emotions or feelings of guilt.

Verbal Cues to Detect Deception

Linguistic Style: Consists of speech patterns beyond the words themselves.
Pitch: Voice pitch tends to rise when lying, especially under high pressure.
Response Time: Liars often take longer to respond, needing time to fabricate stories.
Speech Patterns: Liars might show frequent interruptions or corrections in their speech.

Attribution

Attributions influence how we interpret others' behaviors and can impact self-esteem and future interactions.
Distinctiveness: Evaluates if an individual's behavior is consistent in different contexts.
- High consensus, high consistency, high distinctiveness indicates an external attribution (e.g., difficult exam).
- Low consensus, high consistency, low distinctiveness suggests an internal attribution (e.g., lack of effort).

Shaver's Attribution Theory

Combines multiple attribution theories, suggesting behavior is predictable and people seek to understand others' motives and traits.

Weiner's Attribution Theory

Proposes that attributions influence effort levels in future tasks.
Introduces three causal dimensions:
- Locus: Internal or external attribution regarding the cause of events.
- Stability: Refers to whether the cause is stable or unstable over time.
- Controllability: Whether the cause is within the learner's control.

Basic Sources of Attribution Errors

Correspondence Bias: Tendency to attribute others' actions to their character rather than situational factors.
- Example: Assuming a late, disheveled person is disorganized without considering external circumstances.
Supportive Studies: Jones and Harris (1967) and Nisbett et al. (1973) illustrate how perceptions can overlook situational influences.

Applications of Attribution Theory in Understanding Depression

Depression impacts nearly half of people at some stage of life.
Self-Defeating Attributions: Depressed individuals attribute failures to internal, stable factors while viewing successes as luck or exceptions.
This attribution style leads to a perceived lack of control and reinforces depressive cycles.

Therapeutic Interventions

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) aims to adjust self-defeating attribution styles:
- Encourage taking personal credit for successes.
- Reduce self-blame for unavoidable negative outcomes.
- Reframe failures as resulting from external influences.

Impression Formation

First impressions are quickly formed using sensory information, influencing future interactions and perceptions.

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Description

Explore the foundational concepts of proxemics introduced by Edward T. Hall in 1966. This quiz delves into different types of social distances, such as public and social distances, and how they affect interpersonal interactions. Test your knowledge on how proximity influences communication and social behavior.