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Questions and Answers
Which class of protozoa is characterized by no locomotory organs and parasitic nature?
Which class of protozoa is characterized by no locomotory organs and parasitic nature?
What food storage product is commonly found in Euglena and some other protozoa?
What food storage product is commonly found in Euglena and some other protozoa?
Which of the following contains a rigid pellicle and flagella?
Which of the following contains a rigid pellicle and flagella?
In which order is Giardia classified?
In which order is Giardia classified?
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What type of chromatophores does Chlamydomonas have?
What type of chromatophores does Chlamydomonas have?
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What are the primary locomotory structures in Ciliophora?
What are the primary locomotory structures in Ciliophora?
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What is a distinguishing feature of the class Suctoria?
What is a distinguishing feature of the class Suctoria?
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Which protozoan is a gut parasite of termites?
Which protozoan is a gut parasite of termites?
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What characterizes the body form of protozoa?
What characterizes the body form of protozoa?
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How does digestion occur in protozoa?
How does digestion occur in protozoa?
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What type of locomotion is found in many protozoa?
What type of locomotion is found in many protozoa?
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Which of the following describes the nutritional modes of protozoa?
Which of the following describes the nutritional modes of protozoa?
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How is respiration and excretion primarily managed in protozoa?
How is respiration and excretion primarily managed in protozoa?
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What reproduction methods do protozoa employ?
What reproduction methods do protozoa employ?
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What is the scale of protozoa in terms of visibility?
What is the scale of protozoa in terms of visibility?
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How are protozoa classified based on their cellular structures?
How are protozoa classified based on their cellular structures?
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Which characteristic is unique to the Superclass Opalinata?
Which characteristic is unique to the Superclass Opalinata?
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What type of locomotion is associated with the Class Zoomastigophorea?
What type of locomotion is associated with the Class Zoomastigophorea?
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Which of the following is a feature of the Kinetoplastida order?
Which of the following is a feature of the Kinetoplastida order?
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What is the primary mode of nutrition for organisms in the subclass Lobosia?
What is the primary mode of nutrition for organisms in the subclass Lobosia?
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Which organism is an example of the Order Amoebida?
Which organism is an example of the Order Amoebida?
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What distinguishes the Order Diplomonadida from other orders?
What distinguishes the Order Diplomonadida from other orders?
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Which class contains organisms that are mostly parasitic?
Which class contains organisms that are mostly parasitic?
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What type of feeding mechanism is NOT characteristic of the Superclass C. Sarcodina?
What type of feeding mechanism is NOT characteristic of the Superclass C. Sarcodina?
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What type of pseudopodia do Acanthometra possess?
What type of pseudopodia do Acanthometra possess?
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What characterizes the spores of the subclass Proteomyridia?
What characterizes the spores of the subclass Proteomyridia?
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What type of parasites does the class Piroplasmea primarily affect?
What type of parasites does the class Piroplasmea primarily affect?
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Which subclass is characterized by the presence of cilia throughout life?
Which subclass is characterized by the presence of cilia throughout life?
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Which order within subclass Holotricha has simple and uniform body cilia?
Which order within subclass Holotricha has simple and uniform body cilia?
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What is a defining feature of the order Gymnostomatida?
What is a defining feature of the order Gymnostomatida?
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What type of cilia do Stentor exhibit?
What type of cilia do Stentor exhibit?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the subclass Ciliophora?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the subclass Ciliophora?
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Which class includes organisms with naked or encysted spores and delicate granular reticulopodia?
Which class includes organisms with naked or encysted spores and delicate granular reticulopodia?
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What type of reproduction is observed in the Class 2: Toxoplasmea?
What type of reproduction is observed in the Class 2: Toxoplasmea?
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Which subclass includes blood or gut parasites of vertebrates and produces many sporozoites from each oocyst?
Which subclass includes blood or gut parasites of vertebrates and produces many sporozoites from each oocyst?
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What is a characteristic feature of the organisms in Class 3: Haplosporea?
What is a characteristic feature of the organisms in Class 3: Haplosporea?
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Which of the following exemplifies the subclass (c) Acantharia?
Which of the following exemplifies the subclass (c) Acantharia?
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Which type of spore is associated with organisms in the subclass (a) Gregarinia?
Which type of spore is associated with organisms in the subclass (a) Gregarinia?
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What type of pseudopodia is mainly found in the Class 2: Actinopodea?
What type of pseudopodia is mainly found in the Class 2: Actinopodea?
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What is the typical habitat of mature trophozoites from the subclass (b) Coccidia?
What is the typical habitat of mature trophozoites from the subclass (b) Coccidia?
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Study Notes
Protozoa: The Microscopic World
- Definition: Unicellular organisms lacking tissues and organs. Perform all life functions within a single cell.
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Characteristics:
- Microscopic, requiring a microscope for observation.
- Simplest and most primitive animals, demonstrating protoplasmic organization.
- Single cell with one or more nuclei, but no nucleus specializes in a particular function.
- Exist solitary or in colonies where individuals remain independent.
- Exhibit diverse body symmetries, including radial, bilateral, and spherical.
- Locomotion through finger-like pseudopodia, whip-like flagella, or hair-like cilia. Some may lack locomotion.
- Nutrition varies — holozoic (animal-like), holophytic (plant-like), saprozoic, or parasitic. Digestion occurs within food vacuoles.
- Respiration and excretion through the cell surface or contractile vacuoles, primarily regulating osmotic balance .
- Reproduction via binary fission, multiple fission, budding, or sexual processes involving conjugation or fusion of gametes.
- Cryptomonadida: Rigid pellicle, anterior gullet, two chromatophores (yellow, brown, or colorless), starch and oils as reserve food. Examples: Chilomonas, Cryptomonas.
- Euglenida: Thick pellicle, flagella, anterior gullet leading to a reservoir, numerous chromatophores (green or colorless), paramylon and oils as reserve food. Examples: Euglena, Peranema, Phacus, Copromonas.
- Volvocida: Rigid cellulose covering (theca), no gullet, 2 to 4 flagella, cup-shaped green chromatophores, starch and oils as reserve food. Examples: Chlamydomonas, Volvax
- Chloromonadida: Dorso-ventrally flattened, delicate pellicle, green chromatophores, oils as reserve food. Examples: Vacularia, Coelomonas, Gonyostomum.
- Hypermastigida: Highly specialized, numerous flagella, kinetosomes arranged in circles, plates or rows. Mouth absent, food ingested by pseudopodia. Gut symbionts of termites and cockroaches. Examples: Lophomonas, Trychonympha.
- Trichomonadida: 4 to 6 flagella, one trailing, parasites of vertebrates. Example: Trichomonas.
- Dinoflagellida : Planktonic, naked, amoeboid or with thick cellulose theca, gullet present or absent, two flagella, yellow or brown chromatophores, starch or oils as reserve food. Some display bioluminescence. Examples: Noctiluca, Ceratium.
- Opalinata: Covered with cilia-like flagella, 2 to many monomorphic nuclei, reproduction through symmetrical binary fission or syngamy of anisogametes, parasitic in frogs and toads. Examples: Opalina, Zelleriella.
Subphylum I. Sarcomastigophora
- Flagella or pseudopodia as locomotor organelles.
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Class 1. Zoomastigophorea (Zooflagellata): Lack chlorophyll or chromatophores, primarily parasitic.
- Rhizomastigida: Small, amoeboid, freshwater. Locomotion via 1-4 flagella and pseudopodia. Examples: Mastigamoeba, Dimorpha.
- Kinetoplastida: No gullet, kinetoplast present, 1 to 4 flagella. Primarily blood parasites. Examples: Bodo, Leishmania, Trypanosoma.
- Choanoflagellida: Free-living, solitary or colonial. A collar surrounds the base of a single flagellum. Examples: Proterospongia.
- Diplomonadida: Bilaterally symmetrical, binucleate, with delicate pellicle and cytostome. Examples: Giardia, Hexamita.
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Class 2. Sarcodina
- Moves and captures food using pseudopodia.
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Subclass (a) Lobosia: Pseudopodia as lobopodia.
- Order 1. Amoebida: Naked, amoeboid, without skeleton. Nucleus with honeycomb lattice. Examples: Amoeba, Entamoeba, Pelomyza.
- Order 2. Arcellinida (Testacida): Body housed within a single-chambered shell of pseudochitin with an opening for lobopodia. Examples: Arcella, Difflugia, Euglypha.
- Subclass (b) Filosia: Pseudopodia as filopodia. Naked or with shell containing a single opening. Examples: Allogronia, Penardia.
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Subclass (c) Granuloreticulosia
- Order Foraminiferida: Large, multi-chambered, with calcareous shell and openings for reticulopodia. Examples: Globigerina, Elphidium (Polystomella).
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Subclass (a) Lobosia: Pseudopodia as lobopodia.
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Class 2. Actinopodea:
- Pseudopodia primarily axopodia with axial filaments, extending radially.
- Subclass (a) Heliozoia: Spherical protozoans, called "sun-animalcules." Axopodia radiate. Skeleton of siliceous scales or spines. Examples: Actinophrys, Actinosphaerium.
- Subclass (b) Radiolaria: Naked or with central capsule separating ectoplasm and endoplasm. Reticulopodia, axopodia, or filopodia. Skeleton of siliceous spicules or strontium sulphate. Examples: Collozoum, Thalassicola.
- Subclass (c) Acantharia: Imperforate, non-chitinoid central capsule without pores. Skeleton of strontium sulphate. Axopodia as pseudopodia. Examples: Acanthometra.
- Subclass (d) Proteomyridia: Pseudopodia are filopodia, mostly parasites on algae. Examples: Vampyrella, Pseudospora.
- Pseudopodia primarily axopodia with axial filaments, extending radially.
- Class 3. Piroplasmea: Small parasites in red blood cells of vertebrates. Examples: Babesia (formerly grouped with Sporozoa, but species lack spore production).
- Moves and captures food using pseudopodia.
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Class 1. Zoomastigophorea (Zooflagellata): Lack chlorophyll or chromatophores, primarily parasitic.
Subphylum II. Sporozoa
- Lack locomotor organelles. Spores often present. Exclusively endoparasites.
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Class 1. Telosporea:
- Spores lack polar capsules and filaments.
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Subclass (a) Gregarinia:
- Mature trophozoites large, extracellular in host's gut and body cavities.
- Each spore yields eight sporozoites.
- Parasites of invertebrates.
- Examples: Monocystis, Gregarina.
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Subclass (b) Coccidia / APICOMPLEXA:
- Mature trophozoites small and intracellular.
- Each oocyst produces numerous sporozoites.
- Blood or gut parasites of vertebrates.
- Examples: Eimeria, Isospora, Plasmodium.
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Subclass (a) Gregarinia:
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Class 2. Toxoplasmea:
- Example: Toxoplasma.
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Class 3. Haplosporea:
- Spore cases present. Only asexual reproduction.
- Example: Ichthyosporidium.
- Spores lack polar capsules and filaments.
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Class 1. Telosporea:
Subphylum III. Cnidospora
- Spores possess polar filaments.
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Class 1. Myxosporidea:
- Large spores derived from multiple nuclei.
- Two or three-valved spores.
- Parasites, primarily in fishes.
- Examples: Myxidium, Myxobolus, Ceratomyxa.
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Class 2. Microsporidea:
- Small spores, developed from a single nucleus.
- Univalved spore membrane.
- Intracellular parasites in arthropods and fishes.
- Example: Nosema.
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Class 1. Myxosporidea:
Subphylum IV. Ciliophora
- Cilia present as locomotor and feeding organelles at some stage of the life cycle.
- Two types of nuclei (dimorphic) – macronucleus and micronucleus.
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Class Ciliata (Infusoria):
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Subclass (a) Holotricha:
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Order 1. Gymnostomatida: Large ciliates lacking oral ciliature. Cytostome opens directly. No vestibule.
- Examples: Coleps, Didinium, Prorodon, Dileptus.
- **Order 2. **
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Order 1. Gymnostomatida: Large ciliates lacking oral ciliature. Cytostome opens directly. No vestibule.
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Subclass (d) Spirotrichia:
- Reduced body cilia.
- Buccal cilia well-developed.
- Definite mouth (cytostome) and gullet present.
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Order 1. Heterotrichida: Body cilia short. Uniform or absent.
- Examples: Stentor, Bursaria, Spirostomum.
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Order 2. Oligotrichida: Body cilia reduced or absent. Buccal membranes prominent.
- Examples: Strombidium, Halteria.
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Order 3. Hypotrichida: Dorso-ventrally flattened. Fused cilia forming ventral cirri.
- Examples: Euplotes, Stylonchia.
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Order 1. Heterotrichida: Body cilia short. Uniform or absent.
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Subclass (a) Holotricha:
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Class Ciliata (Infusoria):
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of protozoa with this quiz. Test your knowledge on the characteristics, locomotion, nutrition, and reproduction of these unicellular organisms. Dive into the microscopic features that define these primitive animals!
