Protists Overview and Nutrition

<p>Enhanced surface area for absorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Release of pheromones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arbuscules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Haploid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mycorrhizae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Karyogamy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chytrids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zygomycetes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Haploid spores (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both sexual and asexual reproduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Animals like sheep and cattle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can take hours, days, or even centuries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Associated primarily with mycorrhizal relationships (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their reddish color is due to the presence of phycoerythrin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are the most similar algae to land plants. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using water currents to facilitate gamete contact. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amoebozoans possess lobed or tube-shaped pseudopodia. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some slime molds are unicellular and include a structure called plasmodium. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Freshwater environments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a large mass of cytoplasm that contains many nuclei. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have chloroplasts like those in plants. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have an 'excavated' feeding groove on one side of the cell body. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have rough hairy projections paired with a smooth flagellum. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitosomes that lack functional electron transport chains. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anaerobic pathways generating hydrogen gas. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have a glass-like wall made of silicon dioxide. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They exhibit great diversity including heterotrophs and parasites. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most are unicellular and achieve their color through carotenoids. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anaerobic environments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alveolates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viruses evolved from simple molecules of proteins and nucleic acids before cells appeared. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a parabasalid that travels through the mucus linings of reproductive tracts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nutrition availability during diatom blooms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Euglenozoans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduction hypothesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They reproduce through a process called alternation of generations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of two unequal flagella. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enveloped viruses have an additional external covering. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They possess two flagella in grooves reinforced by cellulose plates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide structural support and protect nucleic acid. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They possess a membrane-enclosed sac just under the plasma membrane. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viruses originated from DNA or RNA escaping from larger organisms' genes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It does not explain how viruses replicate without a host cell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The proteins that form the capsid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are smaller than 2 micrometers in diameter. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It did not specifically mention viruses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Japan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unit 731 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some signatory nations, including Japan and Poland (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1975 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By air spraying and contaminating food and water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fungi (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dumping plague-infected cadavers into a city (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has been utilized as a strategy since ancient times. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It significantly weakened armies and affected military outcomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Living microorganisms that can harm or disable various life forms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biological warfare is used primarily in military settings; bioterrorism is used against civilians. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polluting enemy resources with biological agents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plague using infected rats (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1500-3000 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10,000 casualties and 1700 Japanese troop deaths (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Canada (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High casualties among their own troops (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lack of training and equipment for personnel (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use and preparation of biological weapons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Typhus and plague research (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serratia marcescens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The risk of indiscriminate effects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Development of biological warfare technology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The British proposal to the UN Committee on Disarmament (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1975 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To destroy stockpiles within 9 months of ratification (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consequences of using biological warfare agents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It had no enforcement mechanisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emperor Barbarossa poisoning wells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Catapulting bodies of plague victims over city walls (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smallpox (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The US Civil War (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plague and anthrax (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Catapulting bodies of plague victims (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anthrax and glanders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using biological agents against coalition forces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>British dealings with Native Americans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Catapulting plague victim cadavers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It inhibits the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High acidity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Double vision (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Administration of botulinum antitoxin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clostridium sporogenes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The size of the toxin dose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can survive extreme environmental conditions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Within 24 hours of symptom onset (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Utilizing microbes for food and drug production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fermentation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By breaking down or neutralizing pollutants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural habitats of microbes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Human and microbial life are interdependent. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water from springs and deep wells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthesis of specific drugs and organic acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Photosynthesis of green plants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To increase the rate of curd formation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves the ingestion of exotoxins secreted by living bacteria. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Food intoxication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By targeting the intestine and possibly invading other body structures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By adjusting fat, acid, or salt content (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aerobic respiration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To develop gluten strands for elasticity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hops addition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a source for sugar conversion during fermentation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is usually contaminated with pathogenic bacteria. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the mixture of malt and water used to create beer. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Red wine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Addition of rennet for curdling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary stage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increasing microbial load (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biodegradation of organic matter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allowing particles to settle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microorganisms and chemicals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2-10 hours (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Influenza (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduction of fish populations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Food poisoning or food-borne illness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Saccharomyces cerevisiae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Having no impact on food quality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lack of proper cooking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fermentation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amount of microbes present (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aerobically decomposing organic molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Protists with modified mitochondria and unique flagella. They often live in anaerobic environments and rely on anaerobic respiration.

A group of Excavata protists with reduced mitochondria called mitosomes, lacking functional electron transport chains. They obtain energy through anaerobic pathways.

A common diplomonad parasite that infects mammals (including humans), causing severe intestinal infections.

A group of Excavata protists with reduced mitochondria known as hydrogenosomes, which generate anaerobic energy and release hydrogen gas.

A classic example of a parabasalid parasite, commonly causing sexually transmitted infections.

Diverse Excavata protists with rod-like structures within their flagella, including predatory, photosynthetic, and parasitic forms.

The supergroup encompassing a wide range of protists, including Stramenophiles, Alveolates, and Rhizarians.

A subgroup of SAR protists characterized by having hairy flagella and a unique type of cell wall.

A group of protists characterized by having DNA similarities and containing three categories:

• Stramenopiles
• Alveolates
• Rhizarians

Unicellular algae with unique glass-like walls made of silicon dioxide. They play a significant role in carbon cycling, affecting CO2 levels in the environment.

They are mostly unicellular algae characterized by their yellow and brown carotenoids. They typically have two flagella attached near one end of their cell.

Multicellular organisms that are mostly marine and commonly found along temperate coasts with cold-water currents. They are known for their brown or olive colors due to carotenoids and many are considered "seaweeds."

A group of protists characterized by the presence of membrane-enclosed sacs called alveoli, just beneath their plasma membrane. They include diverse organisms, including dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates.

They are known for their twirling movement and have two flagella situated in grooves reinforced by cellulose plates.

They are protists that are closely related to dinoflagellates but are non-photosynthetic and parasitic. Many play a role in causing major diseases in humans and other animals.

A network of interconnected fungal filaments called hyphae that form a structure maximizing surface-to-volume ratio, leading to efficient nutrient absorption.

Specialized fungal hyphae that penetrate plant tissues to extract nutrients, forming a parasitic relationship.

A mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a plant where the fungus provides nutrients to the plant in exchange for sugars.

Modified hyphae that form branched structures within plant root cells, enabling the exchange of nutrients between the fungus and the plant.

A type of mycorrhizal fungi that forms a sheath around plant roots, extending hyphae into the root's surroundings to access nutrients.

Fungal reproduction involving the fusion of haploid nuclei, leading to a transient diploid stage, followed by the production of spores.

Chemical signals released by fungi to attract mating partners during sexual reproduction.

Reproductive units produced by fungi that can be dispersed by wind, water, or other means to establish new colonies.

A group of protists that are most closely related to plants. They include red algae and green algae.

A type of algae that is reddish due to the presence of the pigment phycoerythrin. They are often found in warm coastal waters and are an important component of seaweed.

A type of algae that is characterized by its similar structure and pigment to plant chloroplasts. It can be further divided into charophytes, which are most similar to plants, and chlorophytes, which are diverse and include unicellular forms.

A supergroup of eukaryotes that includes amoebozoans and opisthokonts, and is most closely related to fungi and animals.

A group of amoebozoans that are distinct from rhizarians. They have pseudopodia that are lobed or tube-shaped, and include the fascinating slime molds.

A type of amoebozoan that was originally thought to be a fungus due to its reproduction with fruiting bodies. Many slime molds are unicellular and have bright colors, like orange or yellow. They form a mass called a plasmodium, which is a supercell containing many nuclei.

A large, single mass of cytoplasm found in slime molds. It is a supercell containing many nuclei and is the product of mitotic cell division without cytokinesis. It extends pseudopodia and engulfs food through phagocytosis.

The process of engulfing and digesting food particles by cells, like those found in the plasmodium of slime molds.

Union of two cytoplasms in fungal reproduction, the first step of sexual reproduction.

The fusion of two haploid nuclei to form a diploid nucleus in fungal sexual reproduction.

The production of new organisms from spores in fungi.

Asexual reproduction in fungi, where a filament producing haploid spores by mitosis is formed.

Asexual reproduction of single-celled fungi through cell division or budding.

A group of fungi that includes common bread molds and parasitic species.

A group of fungi that are important for forming mycorrhizal relationships with plants.

A group of fungi that includes mushrooms, toadstools, and shelf fungi.

The smallest infectious agents, so small they require electron microscopes for visibility. They lack cellular structure and rely on host cells for replication.

The protein shell surrounding the nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) core in a virus. It assembles from identical protein subunits called capsomeres.

The capsid and nucleic acid together form the nucleocapsid, and some viruses have an additional membrane-like envelope.

The virus-first hypothesis suggests that viruses evolved before cells, playing a role in the origin of cellular life. However, it's been challenged due to the definition of viruses requiring host cells.

This idea proposes that viruses originated from small cells that became parasitic on larger ones. Evidence lies in viruses with genetic similarities to certain bacteria. However, even the smallest parasitic cells don't resemble viruses.

The escape hypothesis proposes that viruses arose from DNA or RNA segments that escaped from larger organisms' genes. However, it doesn't explain the unique viral structure.

Viruses are much smaller than cells - thousands of bacterial viruses can fit inside a bacterium, and millions of polioviruses can fit inside a human cell.

Viruses are incredibly small and require specialized microscopes called electron microscopes for detection. Their host cells are much larger than they are.

The deliberate use of biological agents to cause harm or death to people, animals, or crops.

The use of biological agents in warfare to incapacitate or kill enemy combatants.

A type of biological warfare agent that causes disease. Bacteria, viruses, and toxins are all examples.

The intentional use of poisons or chemical substances to cause harm.

The intentional release of a disease-causing agent to spread a disease.

A type of biological warfare where the disease-causing agent is spread by contaminating food or water.

Using dead bodies or materials contaminated with a disease to spread infection.

An event where infected materials are purposefully distributed to spread disease.

Methods used to spread disease-causing agents through environmental manipulation.

The use of chemicals or gases to cause harm or death to people, animals, or crops.

The deliberate use of biological agents, such as bacteria or viruses, to cause harm to humans, animals, or plants.

The intentional release of biological agents by governments or militaries to cause illness and weaken an enemy.

Bacteria, viruses, and toxins are the three primary types of biological agents that could be used as weapons. They can be spread through air, contact, animals, or contaminated food and water.

The deliberate spread of pathogens to weaken enemies, dating back to ancient times. Examples include using infected corpses during sieges and polluting water sources.

The attack on Caffa in 1346 where Tartar forces threw plague-infected corpses into the city, triggering a devastating epidemic. This event helped spread the Black Death across Europe.

The Black Death, also known as the bubonic plague, swept through Europe, the Near East, and North Africa in the 14th century, resulting in one of the most devastating pandemics in recorded history.

Bioterrorism and biological warfare have a long history, demonstrating the potential for devastating consequences. Understanding these threats is crucial for public health and national security.

The Geneva Protocol of 1925 was an international agreement that aimed to prohibit the use of chemical and biological weapons in war. However, it lacked effective verification and compliance mechanisms, making it less effective in practice.

Despite the signing of the Geneva Protocol, several countries continued to pursue and develop biological weapons programs. These nations include Belgium, Canada, France, Great Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Japan, and the Soviet Union.

Unit 731 was a clandestine Japanese biological warfare research facility located in Manchuria. Established during World War II, 'Unit 731' played a central role in the Japanese biological weapons program, conducting horrific experiments on human subjects.

Shiro Ishii was a Japanese military officer who led Japan's biological warfare program from 1932 to 1942. He oversaw the development of deadly biological weapons and conducted inhumane experiments at Unit 731.

The use of biological agents as weapons is categorized into two main types: One is 'biological warfare' which involves using biological agents to incapacitate or kill enemy combatants or populations. The second is 'bioterrorism' which takes advantage of biological agents to deliberately cause harm to civilians.

The 1972 "Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction," known as the BWC, was developed.

A type of food poisoning caused by a toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria, leading to muscle paralysis and breathing difficulties.

Spores are protective coatings that allow bacteria to survive in harsh environments, including extreme temperatures.

Botulism toxin blocks the release of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter essential for muscle contraction.

Symptoms of botulism appear 12-72 hours after exposure, starting with vision problems, difficulty swallowing, and dizziness.

Administering botulinum antitoxin early is crucial for treating botulism. It prevents the toxin's further action but does not reverse existing paralysis.

The deliberate spread of disease-causing agents to weaken enemies or disrupt populations. It has a long history with examples dating back to ancient times.

Biological weapons can be used to spread disease in a variety of ways, including through the air, contact, animals, contaminated food and water, or even through insects.

The Soviet military accused the Japanese of using biological weapons during WWII, while the Japanese accused the Soviets of the same, highlighting the potential for biological weapons use during times of conflict.

The Siege of Caffa in 1346 saw Tartar forces catapulted plague-infected corpses over the city walls, spreading the Black Death and demonstrating a possible early example of biological warfare.

The Black Death, a devastating plague that swept across Europe in the 14th century, was responsible for millions of deaths and is a grim reminder of the potential impact of biological weapons.

Understanding bioterrorism and biological warfare is crucial because these threats are still a concern in today's world, and preparedness is essential for protecting public health and national security.

The study of microbes and their applications in various industries, including food production, medicine, manufacturing, and agriculture.

A controlled process for mass culturing microbes to produce desired organic compounds.

This field leverages microbes from natural habitats to clean up pollutants and repair damaged environments.

The process of treating drinking water to remove harmful microorganisms.

A treaty aiming to prevent the development, production, and stockpiling of biological weapons, signed in 1972.

The process of removing large objects, such as trees and branches, from water during treatment.

The process of adding chemicals to water to remove small particles and improve its quality.

The process of letting water settle in large tanks to allow heavier particles to sink to the bottom.

The process of filtering water through layers of gravel, sand, and anthracite to remove remaining particles.

The process of disinfecting water with chlorine or chloramine to kill harmful microorganisms.

The used wastewater draining from homes and industries, containing various chemicals, debris, and microorganisms.

The initial stage of sewage treatment where floating debris is removed and heavier particles settle.

The second stage of sewage treatment where microorganisms break down organic matter in the wastewater.

The process of converting starch into dextrins and maltose using enzymes from germinated grains.

A mixture of malt grain and warm water used during the brewing process.

The clear liquid obtained from the mashing process in brewing, containing sugars and other dissolved compounds.

The process of aging freshly fermented beer for weeks or months at low temperatures to develop its flavor and character.

The juice extracted from crushed fruit, used as the substrate for fermentation in winemaking.

The process of heating wine briefly to kill harmful microbes and stabilize its flavor and clarity.

The process of incubating milk with specific bacteria to produce curd, the basis of cheese.

A method of preserving milk by heating it to high temperatures for a short time to kill most harmful microorganisms.

Bacteria, viruses, and toxins are the three primary types of biological agents that could be used as weapons. They can be spread through air, contact, animals, or contaminated food and water.

Biological weapons can be used to spread disease in a variety of ways, including through the air, contact, animals, contaminated food and water, or even through insects.

The Soviet military accused the Japanese of using biological weapons during WWII, while the Japanese accused the Soviets of the same, highlighting the potential for biological weapons use during times of conflict.

The Siege of Caffa in 1346 saw Tartar forces catapulted plague-infected corpses over the city walls, spreading the Black Death and demonstrating a possible early example of biological warfare.

The Black Death, a devastating plague that swept across Europe in the 14th century, was responsible for millions of deaths and is a grim reminder of the potential impact of biological weapons.