Protists Overview and Nutrition
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Questions and Answers

What type of fungi consists of a continuous mass of cytoplasm with multiple nuclei?

  • Mycorrhizal fungi
  • Ectomycorrhizal fungi
  • Coenocytic fungi (correct)
  • Septa fungi

    • Which structure of the mycelium enhances the feeding efficiency of fungi?

  • Surface-to-volume ratio (correct)
  • Mycelial sheath
  • Haustoria
  • Septa

    • What type of mycorrhizal fungi forms sheaths of hyphae over root surfaces?

  • Coenocytic fungi
  • Ectomycorrhizal fungi (correct)
  • Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
  • Specialized hyphae

    • What is the primary advantage of fungal mycelia in nutrient acquisition?

    <p>Enhanced surface area for absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the sexual reproduction process in fungi?

    <p>Release of pheromones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure allows certain fungi to extract nutrients from plants?

    <p>Arbuscules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During sexual reproduction, what stage do most fungal nuclei and spores usually exist in?

    <p>Haploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the mutualistic relationship between fungi and plant roots?

    <p>Mycorrhizae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process follows plasmogamy in the sexual reproduction of fungi?

    <p>Karyogamy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of fungi is primarily known for having flagellated spores?

    <p>Chytrids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups of fungi includes species that are primarily decomposers of dead organic matter?

    <p>Zygomycetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reproductive structure produced during asexual reproduction in fungi that grow as molds?

    <p>Haploid spores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reproduction is associated with yeast fungi?

    <p>Both sexual and asexual reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of organism primarily benefits from anaerobic chytrids found in their digestive tract?

    <p>Animals like sheep and cattle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the duration that can pass between plasmogamy and karyogamy in some fungi?

    <p>It can take hours, days, or even centuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the Glomeromycetes group of fungi?

    <p>Associated primarily with mycorrhizal relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes red algae?

    <p>Their reddish color is due to the presence of phycoerythrin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the green algae known as charophytes?

    <p>They are the most similar algae to land plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do red algae reproduce?

    <p>Using water currents to facilitate gamete contact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes amoebozoans from rhizarians?

    <p>Amoebozoans possess lobed or tube-shaped pseudopodia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is true for slime molds?

    <p>Some slime molds are unicellular and include a structure called plasmodium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary habitat for most green algae?

    <p>Freshwater environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the plasmodium formed by slime molds?

    <p>It is a large mass of cytoplasm that contains many nuclei.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is not associated with Unikonta?

    <p>They have chloroplasts like those in plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique feature of the Excavata group of protists?

    <p>They have an 'excavated' feeding groove on one side of the cell body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes the flagella of stramenopiles?

    <p>They have rough hairy projections paired with a smooth flagellum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mitochondria is found in diplomonads?

    <p>Mitosomes that lack functional electron transport chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of energy production for parabasalids?

    <p>Anaerobic pathways generating hydrogen gas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining feature of diatoms?

    <p>They have a glass-like wall made of silicon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes euglenozoans?

    <p>They exhibit great diversity including heterotrophs and parasites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about golden algae is correct?

    <p>Most are unicellular and achieve their color through carotenoids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of environment do diplomonads thrive in?

    <p>Anaerobic environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category encompasses the largest variety of protists with diverse nutritional modes?

    <p>Alveolates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the virus-first hypothesis suggest about the origin of viruses?

    <p>Viruses evolved from simple molecules of proteins and nucleic acids before cells appeared.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Trichomonas vaginalis is correct?

    <p>It is a parabasalid that travels through the mucus linings of reproductive tracts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What environmental condition affects the carbon transport of diatom bodies?

    <p>Nutrition availability during diatom blooms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups includes organisms that have both predatory and photosynthetic capabilities?

    <p>Euglenozoans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hypothesis states that viruses were once small cells that parasitized larger cells?

    <p>Reduction hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of brown algae's reproduction?

    <p>They reproduce through a process called alternation of generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common feature do all stramenophiles share?

    <p>Presence of two unequal flagella.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical aspect that distinguishes enveloped viruses from naked viruses?

    <p>Enveloped viruses have an additional external covering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the cell structure of dinoflagellates?

    <p>They possess two flagella in grooves reinforced by cellulose plates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the capsid in a virus?

    <p>To provide structural support and protect nucleic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes alveolates from other groups of protists?

    <p>They possess a membrane-enclosed sac just under the plasma membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the escape hypothesis claim regarding viral origins?

    <p>Viruses originated from DNA or RNA escaping from larger organisms' genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one significant limitation of the virus-first hypothesis?

    <p>It does not explain how viruses replicate without a host cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are capsomeres in the structure of a virus?

    <p>The proteins that form the capsid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can't viruses be seen without an electron microscope?

    <p>They are smaller than 2 micrometers in diameter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant limitation of the Geneva Protocol of 1925?

    <p>It did not specifically mention viruses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country was notable for its biological warfare research program during World War II?

    <p>Japan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which unit was the center of Japan's biological warfare program during World War II?

    <p>Unit 731</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nations developed biological weapons despite signing the Geneva Protocol of 1925?

    <p>Some signatory nations, including Japan and Poland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did the USA ratify the Geneva Protocol?

    <p>1975</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of spreading biological agents in bioterrorism?

    <p>By air spraying and contaminating food and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of biological agents is NOT a potential weapon in bioterrorism?

    <p>Fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What historical act is cited as an example of bioterrorism during a military siege?

    <p>Dumping plague-infected cadavers into a city</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the understanding of biological warfare throughout history?

    <p>It has been utilized as a strategy since ancient times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect did the Black Death have on medieval society?

    <p>It significantly weakened armies and affected military outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes biological agents used in bioterrorism?

    <p>Living microorganisms that can harm or disable various life forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does biological warfare differ from bioterrorism?

    <p>Biological warfare is used primarily in military settings; bioterrorism is used against civilians.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strategy was notably used by armies to weaken their enemies in earlier warfare?

    <p>Polluting enemy resources with biological agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which biological weapon was primarily developed by the Japanese military during World War II?

    <p>Plague using infected rats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the estimated number of workers involved in the USA's biological warfare programs during World War II?

    <p>1500-3000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the consequence of the attack on Changteh in 1941?

    <p>10,000 casualties and 1700 Japanese troop deaths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country had a focus on both animal and crop diseases during their biological warfare programs?

    <p>Canada</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unfortunate result followed the Japanese military's use of biological weapons during World War II?

    <p>High casualties among their own troops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major issue faced by the Japanese military regarding biological warfare?

    <p>Lack of training and equipment for personnel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition prompted a Soviet tribunal to try Japanese prisoners of war in 1949?

    <p>Use and preparation of biological weapons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the focus of the Soviet Union's biological warfare efforts during World War II?

    <p>Typhus and plague research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganism is associated with public health concerns due to outbreaks of urinary tract infections in hospitals during the early 1950s?

    <p>Serratia marcescens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the main concerns raised internationally regarding biological weapons during the late 1960s?

    <p>The risk of indiscriminate effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the BWC specifically prohibit regarding biological weapons?

    <p>Development of biological warfare technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which proposal, submitted in July 1969, outlined measures for the control and inspections of biological weapons?

    <p>The British proposal to the UN Committee on Disarmament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year did the BWC officially come into effect following its ratification?

    <p>1975</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a requirement imposed on parties under the BWC regarding existing stockpiles?

    <p>To destroy stockpiles within 9 months of ratification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bioweapons-related issues was highlighted in a WHO report in 1969?

    <p>Consequences of using biological warfare agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant flaw in the 1925 Geneva Protocol as identified in the late 1960s?

    <p>It had no enforcement mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event involved the use of human bodies as a biological weapon during a siege?

    <p>Emperor Barbarossa poisoning wells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strategy was used by Tartar forces during the siege of Caffa in 1346?

    <p>Catapulting bodies of plague victims over city walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases was utilized as a biological weapon in the Americas?

    <p>Smallpox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which conflict did the Confederates sell clothing from yellow fever patients to the opposing side?

    <p>The US Civil War</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of biological agent did Japan experiment with during World War II?

    <p>Plague and anthrax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy did the Russians use against Swedish cities in 1710?

    <p>Catapulting bodies of plague victims</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of agents was utilized in both World War I and World War II?

    <p>Anthrax and glanders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unusual method did Iraq employ during the Persian Gulf War?

    <p>Using biological agents against coalition forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event is associated with the use of blankets from smallpox patients?

    <p>British dealings with Native Americans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What biological tactic was used during the 1710 battle in Reval?

    <p>Catapulting plague victim cadavers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily contributes to the lethal nature of botulinum toxin?

    <p>It inhibits the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environmental condition does NOT promote the growth of Clostridium botulinum spores?

    <p>High acidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is typically the first to manifest in botulism cases?

    <p>Double vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for botulism?

    <p>Administration of botulinum antitoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria is NOT associated with the production of botulinum toxin?

    <p>Clostridium sporogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of botulism is most significant in determining the onset of symptoms?

    <p>The size of the toxin dose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable characteristic of botulinum spores?

    <p>They can survive extreme environmental conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The administration of botulinum antitoxin is most effective when given:

    <p>Within 24 hours of symptom onset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of industrial microbiology?

    <p>Utilizing microbes for food and drug production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is commonly used to culture microbes in controlled environments for production purposes?

    <p>Fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do microbes contribute to bioremediation?

    <p>By breaking down or neutralizing pollutants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of habitat is typically used in applied microbiology for treating wastewater?

    <p>Natural habitats of microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the relationship between humans and microbial life?

    <p>Human and microbial life are interdependent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of water purification, which water source generally requires less treatment?

    <p>Water from springs and deep wells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do yeasts play in biotechnological systems?

    <p>Synthesis of specific drugs and organic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is NOT associated with fermentation in the biotechnology context?

    <p>Photosynthesis of green plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Rennin in cheese production?

    <p>To increase the rate of curd formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes food intoxication?

    <p>It involves the ingestion of exotoxins secreted by living bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Foodborne illnesses caused by poisonous plants or animal tissues fall under which category?

    <p>Food intoxication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which way does food infection primarily affect the body?

    <p>By targeting the intestine and possibly invading other body structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the composition of cheese get influenced during its production?

    <p>By adjusting fat, acid, or salt content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metabolic process occurs primarily during the production of bread dough using yeast?

    <p>Aerobic respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of kneading in bread production?

    <p>To develop gluten strands for elasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step is NOT part of the major process of wine production?

    <p>Hops addition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of malt in the beer production process?

    <p>It is a source for sugar conversion during fermentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the state of milk before pasteurization?

    <p>It is usually contaminated with pathogenic bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of wort in the brewing process?

    <p>It is the mixture of malt and water used to create beer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of wine is produced from red skinned grapes with their skins intact?

    <p>Red wine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is primarily responsible for texture development in cheese production?

    <p>Addition of rennet for curdling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage of sewage treatment that involves skimming off bulkier materials?

    <p>Primary stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hazards are present due to the unsanitary mixing of household water and sewage?

    <p>Increasing microbial load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of the secondary stage in sewage treatment?

    <p>Biodegradation of organic matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of sedimentation in the primary stage of sewage treatment?

    <p>Allowing particles to settle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of substances does sewage typically contain that pose health hazards?

    <p>Microorganisms and chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended maximum duration for sedimentation in the primary stage of sewage treatment?

    <p>2-10 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is NOT linked to the unsanitary mixing of sewage and household water?

    <p>Influenza</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can untreated sewage released into the aquatic environment commonly lead to?

    <p>Reduction of fish populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following effects of microbes makes food unfit for consumption?

    <p>Food poisoning or food-borne illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common product is made through the process of food fermentation involving microbes?

    <p>Beer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganism is recognized as the most common leavening agent used in baking?

    <p>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a neutral effect of microbes in food?

    <p>Having no impact on food quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During food processing, what is a primary reason food gets contaminated with microbes?

    <p>Lack of proper cooking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cooking method utilizes microbes to enhance flavor, taste, or texture in food?

    <p>Fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is crucial in determining the final effects of microbes on food?

    <p>Amount of microbes present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of bacteria and algae in a large digester tank during the treatment process?

    <p>Aerobically decomposing organic molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Protists - Overview

    • Protists are eukaryotic organisms
    • They have a nucleus and a nuclear envelope
    • They contain membrane-enclosed organelles
    • They are extremely diverse organisms
    • Most protists are unicellular, although some are multicellular

    Protist Nutrition

    • Some protists are photoautotrophs and contain chloroplasts
    • Other protists are chemoheterotrophs that absorb or ingest organic molecules
    • Some protists are mixotrophs, combining photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

    Endosymbiosis

    • Endosymbiosis is a symbiotic relationship where one organism lives within another
    • Some suggest that protists and eukaryotes evolved from a host cell engulfing a bacterium
    • Some protists exist by living within other organisms - This can be parasitic

    Symbiotic Relationships with Protists

    • Many protists live in aquatic environments, such as coral reefs
    • Some protists are mutualistic with other organisms
    • Some organisms depend on protists for food
    • Some protists are parasitic (e.g., those in the intestines and malaria)

    Supergroups of Protists

    • There are four supergroups: Excavata, SAR, Archaeplastida, and Unikonta
    • Each supergroup has different features and varying clinical/environmental significance to humans

    Excavata

    • Have an "excavated" feeding groove on one side of their cell body
    • Possess modified mitochondria
    • Include diplomonads, parabasalids, and euglenozoans

    Diplomonads

    • Have reduced mitochondria called mitosomes
    • Lack functional electron transport chains and thus rely on anaerobic pathways for energy
    • Often parasitic (e.g., Giardia intestinalis causing intestinal infections)

    Parabasalids

    • Have reduced mitochondria called hydrogenosomes
    • These organelles produce hydrogen gas as a byproduct of anaerobic respiration
    • Often parasitic (e.g., Trichomonas vaginalis)

    Euglenozoans

    • Diverse group including predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, mixotrophs, and parasites
    • Have a rod-like or crystalline structure inside their flagella

    SAR

    • A diverse supergroup with DNA similarities
    • Includes Stramenopiles, Alveolates, and Rhizarians

    Stramenopiles

    • Their flagella have hair-like projections (stramen)
    • Include diatoms, golden algae, and brown algae
    • Diatoms have unique glass-like walls of silica
    • Golden and Brown Algae include photosynthetic species with pigments giving them yellow, brown, olive colors

    Diatoms

    • Unicellular, photosynthetic algae
    • Have a unique glass-like wall made of silicon dioxide
    • Play a role in regulating CO2 levels

    Golden Algae

    • Mostly unicellular
    • Obtain their color from yellow and brown carotenoids
    • Have two flagella

    Brown Algae

    • All multicellular
    • Common in cold-water coastal temperate regions
    • Their pigments provide brown or olive color to them

    Alveolates

    • Have a membrane-enclosed sac just beneath their plasma membrane
    • Include dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates
    • Dinoflagellates have two flagella , many photosynthetic, some mixotrophic; some produce toxins, leading to HABs/red tides; can be a source of food poisoning for certain species
    • Apicomplexans are animal parasites with a complex of organelles used to penetrate host cells; an example is Plasmodium (the malaria parasite)

    Rhizarians

    • Move and feed using pseudopodia
    • Include radiolarians and forams
    • Radiolareans have intricate silica skeletons; forams have porous shells (tests) made of calcium carbonate

    Archaeplastida

    • This supergroup encompasses red and green algae
    • Red Algae are multicellular, mostly in warm tropical waters
    • Green Algae possess characteristics similar to plants

    Green Algae

    • Some have characteristics similar to plants
    • Includes charophytes and chlorophytes

    Unikonta

    • Contains amoebozoans and opisthokonts
    • Closest relatives to animals and fungi
    • Amoebozoans include various amoeba species, moving/feeding with lobe or tube-shaped pseudopodia
    • Slime molds (mycetozoans) can be unicellular or form a plasmodium; many are decomposers

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