Protists: Excavata and Its Subgroups

Eukaryotic organisms, mostly unicellular, some multicellular and are endosymbiotic. They are NOT bacteria.

<p>Organisms that absorb or ingest organic molecules (don't make their own food)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organisms that use both photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Symbiotic relationship where one organism lives inside another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excavata, SAR, Archaeplastida, Unikonta (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An excavated feeding groove on one side of the cell body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diplomonads, Parabasalids, Euglenozoans (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parasitic protists with reduced mitochondria (mitoses), two equal nuclei, and multiple flagella. They get energy from anaerobic pathways since they don't have functional electron transport chains - they can't get energy from carbs and organic molecules via oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A flagellate diplomonadic excavata protozoa that causes intestinal infections in mammals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parasitic protists with hydrogenosomes that release hydrogen as a byproduct of doing anaerobic respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A flagellate parabasalidic excavate protozoa that is an STD that lives along the lining of the reproductive and urinary tract by moving its flagella and changing its cell membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A diverse group of protists including parasitic (predatory heterotrophs) and photosynthetic autotrophs, and mixotrophs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A euglenozan excavata protist, kinetoplastid that causes sleeping sickness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stramenopiles, Alveolates, Rhizarians (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A group of protists part of SAR with hairy flagella, includes algae. They are characterized by having two flagella: one with hair-like projections (stramen = straw) and the other smooth (pilos = hair).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diatoms, Golden algae, Brown algae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unicellular algae, photosynthetic with glass-like silicon dioxide cell walls. They live in oceans and lakes, and when they die, they decompose to the bottom of the ocean floor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When they die, they decompose to the ocean floor, and the time it takes for the carbon on the bottom to reach the ocean affects the carbon level. Also, their photosynthetic activity affects the carbon level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unicellular algae with yellow and brown carotenoids. They have two flagella, one at each end of the cell, and are both photosynthetic and mixotrophic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protists part of the SAR group, with membrane-enclosed sacs (alveoli) under their plasma membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dinoflagellates, Ciliates, Apicomplexans (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alveolate SAR protists with two flagella in grooves reinforced by cellulose plates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can cause explosive growth, sometimes producing toxins that can harm fish and invertebrates. Humans consuming these affected organisms can also suffer illness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alveolate SAR parasitic protists that spread infectiously as sporozoite cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An apicomplexan alveolate SAR parasitic protist that causes malaria and lives in humans and mosquitos.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reproductive cycle involving both haploid and diploid stages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Eukaryotic organisms, mostly unicellular, some multicellular and are endosymbiotic. NOT bacteria.

Organisms with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Organisms that perform photosynthesis using chloroplasts.

Organisms that absorb or ingest organic molecules (don't make their own food)

Organisms that use both photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition.

Symbiotic relationship where one organism lives inside another.

Protist group with an excavated feeding grove on one side of the cell body. has reduced mitochondria (less cellular respiration, so more reliant on anaerobic respiration), live in anaerobic environment, unique flagella that helps mobility and helps it prey

Parasitic protists with reduced mitochondria (mitoses), two equal nuclei, and multiple flagella (move and reproduce fast). get energy from anaerobic pathways since they dont have functional electron transport chains - can't get energy from carbs and organic molecules via oxygen

flagellate diplomonadic excavata protozoa that causes intestinal infections in mammals

Parasitic protists with hydrogenosomes (bc of the reduced mitochondria) that release hydrogen as a byproduct of doing anaerobic respiration

flagellate parabasalidic excavate protozoa. STD that lives along lining of reproductive and urinary tract by moving its flagella and changing cell membrane

Diverse group of protists including parasitic (predatory heterotrophs) and photosynthetic autotrophs, and mixotrophs. rod with a spiral crystalline structure inside flagella

euglenozan excavata protist. kinetoplastid that causes sleeping sickness

Stramenopiles, Alveolates, Rhizarians

stamen = straw, pilos = hair. Group of protists part of SAR with hairy flagella (2 flagella; one is rough and hairy and the other is smooth and hairless), includes algae. 3 groups: diatoms, golden algae, brown algae

stramenopile, SAR, protist. Unicellular algae, photosynthetic with glass-like silicon dioxide cell walls (has 2 overlapping parts and they protect from predators). live in oceans and lakes, and when they die they decompose to the bottom of the ocean floor

stramenopile, SAR, protist. Unicellular algae with yellow and brown carotenoids. bi-flagellated and there's one at each end of the cell, photosynthetic and mixotrophic. both marine and freshwater

stramenopile, SAR, protist. multicellular marine algae, along temperate coasts that have coldwater currents, reproduce through alternations of generations. Brown/olive bc of their carotenoids, includes brown seaweeds.

from alveoli-sac~ has a membrane enclosed sac under the plasma membrane. Protists part of SAR group, with membrane-enclosed sacs under plasma membrane. photosynthetic and heterotrophic. includes dinoflagellates, ciliates, and apicomplexans

alveolate SAR protists with two flagella in grooves reinforced by cellulose plates. Dinos is greek for twirl. mostly heterotrophic, some photosynthetic and a few mixotrophic. Common pigments in dinoflagellate plastids are carotenoids. there can be explosive growth of dinoflagellates, and this can make the water appear red from the carotenoid. The toxin produced by dinoflagellates can cause fish and invertebrates to die. Humans that eat this fish will die if the fish has ingested this toxin

alveolate SAR parasitic (of animals) protists. spread infectiously as sporozoite cells (their apex contains a complex of organelles that are specialized for penetrating host cells and tissue). contains apicoplasts (modified plastids) despite not being photosynthetic. Life cycle of sexual and asexual stages that require 2 or more host species to complete)

apicomplexan alveolate SAR parasitic protist that causes malaria and lives in humans and mosquitos

alveolate SAR protists with cilia for movement and feeding. mostly predators (on bacteria and other protists). 2 types of nuclei: tiny micronuclei and large micronuclei. their cells have one or more enuclei of each type. reproduce via binary fission but genetic variation is due to conjugation (sexual process where two exchange haploid micronuclei but do not reproduce)

A ciliated (it propels itself via cilia) alveolate SAR protist that lives in fresh water and eats other tiny organisms for food.

Reproductive cycle involving both haploid and diploid stages.

Small nuclei in ciliates for genetic exchange.

Large nuclei in ciliates for everyday functions.

Asexual reproduction method in ciliates.

SAR protists including amoebas, move and feed via threadlike pseudopodia from their cell surfaces 2 groups are radiolarians and forams.

Cytoplasmic extensions for movement and feeding.

rhizarian SAR protist amoebas with silica-based intricate and symmetrical skeletons. microtubules reinforce their pseudopodia from their central body

rhizarian SAR protist amoebas with porous calcium carbonate shells (called tests). found in ocean and fresh water. their pseudopodia extend through the pores and function in swimming, feeding, and test formation

Porous shells of foraminifera, aiding in identification. for forams (rhizarian SAR protists)

protist supergroup that includes red algae and green algae,

Reddish from photosynthetic pigment phycoerythrin that masks green of chlorophyll. In shallow water, it has less phycoerythrin. Abundant in warm coastal waters of tropical ocean. Multicellular Largest ones are not as large as brown algae, are included in the seaweeds. do not have flagellated gametes unlike other algae so they rely on water currents to bring the gametes together for fertilization

Pigment giving red algae their color.

red algae archaeplastida protist; Japanese- nori is used as sheets or wraps for sushi

archaeplastida protists; Structure and pigment similar to chloroplasts in plants. have complex life cycles with sexual and asexual reproductive stages. 2 groups: charophytes and chlorophytes

Green algae archaeplastidic protists similar to plants.

green algae archaeplastidic protists, mostly freshwater species but some are marine. diverse and unicellular

protists group that are most closely related to fungi and animals, 2 types: amoebozoans and opisthokonts

unikonta protists; Lobed pseudopodia amoebas, including slime molds (mycetozoa).

amoebozoan unikonta protists - aka slime molds. Originally thought to be fungi since they also reproduce with fruiting bodies which aid in spore dispersal but they are unicellular. hive bright colors like orange and yellow. Form mass called plasmodium as they grow (diff than than malaria)

single mass of cytoplasm undivided by plasma membranes and multinucleate supercell (made from mitosis but doesn't do cytokinesis). extends the pseudopodia thru moist soil and engulfs food particles through phagocytosis. If area dries up or food supply is exhausted the plasmodium stops growing, and then differentiate into fruiting bodies that function in sexual reproduction. formed by amoebozoans (which are unikontan protists).

Diverse unikontan protist group related to fungi and animals.