Protista and Sarcomastigophora Study Notes

Cytoplasm divides into outer ectoplasm and inner granular endoplasm.

Temporary cytoplasmic extensions used for movement.

Cells can move using pseudopods, flagella, or cilia.

A cell's nucleus contains nucleoli (endosomes).

Cells have a nucleus, cytoplasm (ectoplasm, endoplasm), and plasma membrane.

A mode of nutrition where organisms obtain nutrients by consuming other organisms (like animals).

A mode of nutrition where organisms obtain nutrients from making their own food through photosynthesis (like plants).

They consume other organisms, like bacteria, algae, or smaller protozoa.

They break down the food they eat into smaller molecules that their bodies can absorb.

A lion eating a zebra is an example of Holozoic nutrition.

Some protozoa, similar to plants, obtain energy through photosynthesis, using chlorophyll-like substances to synthesize organic food from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight.

Protozoa acquire nutrients by diffusion, a process where simple organic and inorganic substances from their environment enter their bodies across their surfaces.

Protozoa ingest tiny droplets of surrounding fluids using small pockets called vacuoles located on their surfaces.

These organelles regulate osmotic pressure in protozoa, primarily those living in freshwater environments.

Protozoa that use this type of respiration need oxygen to produce energy, exchanging gases via diffusion through their body surfaces.

Protozoa using this method can obtain energy in the absence of oxygen.

Contractile vacuoles regulate osmotic pressure, maintaining a balance of water and dissolved substances within the cell.

Protozoa take in simple organic and inorganic molecules from their surroundings through the process of diffusion across their body surfaces.

The amount of free oxygen available in the surrounding environment. This is crucial for organisms that rely on aerobic respiration.

The process by which organisms eliminate waste products containing nitrogen, primarily ammonia (NH3). This is often done through diffusion.

Protozoa excrete nitrogenous wastes, primarily ammonia, through diffusion across their body surface.

Amoeba typically reside in freshwater ponds where decaying plant and animal matter is abundant.

Amoeba has an irregular shape with a cytoplasm differentiated into a clear outer ectoplasm and a granular inner endoplasm. It also contains a contractile vacuole for water regulation.

Amoeba moves using temporary cytoplasmic extensions called pseudopodia, which extend and contract to propel the organism.

Amoeba surrounds food with pseudopodia, forming a food vacuole for digestion.

Amoeba reproduces asexually through binary fission where the nucleus divides into two and the cell splits in half.

A fluid, almost liquid state of the cytoplasm enabling movement and change in shape. It's like a flowing gel.

A more solid, rigid state of the cytoplasm providing structural support and stability. It's like a solid gel.

The cytoplasm changes from a gel-like state (plasma gel) to a more fluid state (plasma sol) and vice versa, enabling movement in protozoa.

The precise mechanism is not fully understood, but the most accepted theory is the transformation of the cytoplasm from a gel to sol state.

The inner, granular region of the cytoplasm containing organelles and other cellular components. It's like the 'machinery' of the cell.