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Questions and Answers
Proteins are biological molecules made up of building blocks called ______
amino acids
The term “proteome” refers to all of the proteins that an organism can ______
express
Proteomics is the study of the ______
proteome
Proteomics investigates how different proteins ______ with each other
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Proteomics can answer key questions related to protein identification, protein quantification, protein localization, and the ______ of proteins
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Proteomics measures total protein abundance and investigates the rate of protein ______
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Post-translational modifications can affect protein activation, ______, stability, interactions and signal transduction among other protein characteristics
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Functional proteomics is focused on identifying the biological functions of specific individual proteins, classes of proteins (e.g., ______) or whole protein interaction networks
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Structural studies yield important insights into protein function, the 'drugability' of protein targets for drug discovery, and drug ______
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Protein-protein interactions investigate how proteins interact with each other, which proteins interact, and when and where they ______
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Antibody-based methods such as ELISA and western blotting rely on the availability of antibodies targeted toward specific proteins or ______ to identify proteins and quantify their expression levels
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Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE or 2DPAGE) uses an electric current to separate proteins in a gel based on their charge (1st dimension) and ______ (2nd dimension)
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Chromatography-based methods can be used to separate and purify proteins from complex biological mixtures such as cell lysates.For example, ion-exchange chromatography separates proteins based on ______
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Size exclusion chromatography separates proteins based on their molecular ______
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Affinity chromatography employs reversible interactions between specific affinity ligands and their target ______
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Protein microarrays apply small amounts of sample to a “chip” for analysis (this is sometimes in the form of a glass slide with a chemically modified surface).Specific antibodies can be immobilized to the chip surface and used to capture target proteins in a complex sample.This is termed an analytical protein microarray, and these types of microarrays are used to measure the expression levels and binding affinities of proteins in a ______
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Functional protein microarrays are used to characterize protein functions such as protein–RNA interactions and ______ turnover
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In a reverse-phase protein microarray, proteins from e.g., healthy vs.diseased tissues or untreated vs.______
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Treated cells are bound to the ______, and the chip is then probed with antibodies against the target proteins.
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Protein mass spectrometry refers to the use of mass spectrometry in the study and characterization of ______, including their quantification, profiling, interaction mapping, and identification of their post-translational modifications.
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Protein mass spectrometry may also be referred to as ______.
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Regardless of how the protein sample is separated, the downstream MS workflow comprises three main steps: 1.The proteins/peptides are ionized by the ion source of the mass spectrometer. 2.The resulting ions are separated according to their mass to charge ratio by the ______.
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The ions are ______.
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