Cytology ch2
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Questions and Answers

What is the range of carbon atoms in monosaccharides?

  • 3 to 5
  • 3 to 6 (correct)
  • 5 to 8
  • 4 to 7

    • What is the general formula of monosaccharides?

  • CnH2nOn-1
  • CnH2n-1On
  • CnHnOn
  • CnH2nOn (correct)

    • What is unique about the arrangement of carbon atoms in monosaccharides?

  • Branched arrangement
  • Unbranched arrangement (correct)
  • Variable arrangement
  • Ring-shaped arrangement

    • How many different monosaccharide types occur naturally?

    <p>More than 200</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of polymers of monosaccharides?

    <p>Low diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the monosaccharide type that makes up glycogen and starch?

    <p>α-D-glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the monosaccharide type that makes up cellulose?

    <p>β-D-glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of monosaccharides in forming polymers?

    <p>They rarely combine with one another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of monosaccharides?

    <p>Unbranched carbon chain with several hydroxyl groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between aldoses and ketoses?

    <p>Type of reducing function (aldehyde or ketone)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the simplest type of monosaccharide, based on the number of carbon atoms?

    <p>Triose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an intramolecular reaction between the hydroxyl group and the carbon of the aldehyde or ketone group?

    <p>Formation of a cyclic molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are cyclic monosaccharides more stable than linear ones?

    <p>They have lower free energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cyclic monosaccharides with six-member rings?

    <p>Pyranoses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cyclic monosaccharides with five-member rings?

    <p>Furanoses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can monosaccharides be classified based on their cyclic structure?

    <p>Based on the type of cycle (pentagonal or hexagonal)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the binding site for amino acids in tRNA?

    <p>3'OH end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases?

    <p>To recognize and charge tRNA with corresponding amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the secondary structure of tRNA?

    <p>It is a trefoil structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of snRNA in the cell?

    <p>To mature and splice RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the length of snRNA?

    <p>Between 50-200 nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the complex formed by snRNA and specific proteins?

    <p>Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of helicases and gyrases or topoisomerases in transcription?

    <p>To unwind the DNA double helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between transcription and replication in terms of template usage?

    <p>Replication uses both DNA strands as templates, while transcription uses one strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical sequence of events during transcription?

    <p>Initiation, elongation, termination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of RNA polymerase during transcription?

    <p>To synthesize RNA molecules using DNA as a template</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the specific sequences that represent gene start and end?

    <p>To initiate and terminate transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between mRNAs and rRNAs?

    <p>mRNAs are involved in gene expression, while rRNAs are involved in protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many RNA types are described in the provided content?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of genes in human cells, according to the content?

    <p>30,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which DNA exerts its activity?

    <p>By encoding proteins that perform specific functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of proteins in determining the molecular identity of cells?

    <p>They are responsible for the molecular identity of cells through the HLA system and blood groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of proteins in gene expression?

    <p>To interact with specific DNA/RNA sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of proteins in the morphology of organisms?

    <p>They determine the size and shape of organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of proteins interacting with one another and with diverse molecules?

    <p>They achieve their functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of proteins in the storage and transportation of particles?

    <p>They are involved in the storage and transportation of a variety of particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between proteins and the life of cells and organisms?

    <p>Proteins perform almost all functions that sustain life of cells and organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of proteins in the physiological processes of gene expression?

    <p>They are involved in the complex processes of gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Proteins and their Functions

    • Proteins are responsible for almost all functions that sustain life of cells and organisms
    • They determine cell structure, shape, and perform nearly all physiological functions
    • Proteins determine the molecular identity of cells and are responsible for morphology of organisms (e.g. skin and hair colors, size, and shape)
    • They are involved in crucial physiological processes such as gene expression, DNA replication, and transportation of particles
    • Proteins achieve their functions by interacting with one another and with diverse molecules from other classes (organic and inorganic)

    Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates are classified based on the number of carbon atoms per molecule, type of functional group, cyclic shape, and number of monomers
    • Monosaccharides (simple carbohydrates) have the general formula CnH2nOn, where "n" ranges between 3 and 6
    • Aldoses have an aldehyde group, while ketoses have a ketone group
    • Glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone are the simplest monosaccharides, named trioses since each comprises 3 carbon atoms
    • Monosaccharides can occur in open-chain or cyclic (ringed) molecules, with the cyclic form being more stable

    Transcription and Translation

    • Transcription of genes into RNA is carried out by specific enzymes named RNA polymerases, helped by helicases and gyrases or topoisomerases
    • Transcription principle is similar to that of replication, using DNA as a template to determine the sequence of the newly synthesized RNA molecule
    • Unlike DNA replication, transcription is concerned with specific DNA stretches, named genes
    • Transcription occurs in three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination

    RNA Types

    • RNA is divided into several classes: rRNA (ribosomal), mRNA (messenger), tRNA (transfer), snRNA (small nuclear), and others
    • Each tRNA is characterized by an anticodon and is specifically charged with the corresponding amino acid
    • All tRNA types have the same general trefoil structure with three loops, packed into an L-shaped tertiary structure
    • snRNA length is between 50-200 nucleotides and are always associated with specific proteins forming nucleoprotein complexes (snRNP)

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