Protein Synthesis and Translocation

Proteins that are destined for the nucleus must pass through nuclear pores.

A short amino acid sequence that directs a protein to a specific organelle or location within a cell.

The process by which proteins are delivered to their correct locations within a cell.

A specialized compartment within a eukaryotic cell that performs specific functions.

A membrane-enclosed organelle that is involved in protein synthesis and folding.

Organelle in the cytoplasm that generates energy for the cell.

A type of transmembrane protein that has its N-terminus facing the cytosol and its C-terminus facing the lumen.

A type of transmembrane protein with its C-terminus facing the cytosol and its N-terminus facing the lumen.

Small vesicles that originate from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) after a cell is broken apart.

A process where molecules move freely within the plane of a membrane.

A series of interconnected organelles responsible for protein synthesis, modification, and transport within a cell.

A type of cell found in the pancreas that produces and secretes digestive enzymes.

A method that involves disrupting cells and separating their components, often using a blender or other tools.

The process by which cells break down substances, often using enzymes.

A network of flattened sacs and interconnected tubes within a cell, responsible for protein synthesis and other cellular functions.

The process of moving proteins from one organelle to another within a cell.

A protein that has both signal and stop-transfer sequences, allowing it to be embedded in the membrane with multiple transmembrane domains.

The organelle that contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities.

A type of protein modification where a short chain of sugars is attached to a specific asparagine residue within the protein.

The process of removing waste or unwanted substances from a cell.

A molecule that assists in the proper folding of proteins. It prevents misfolding and helps proteins reach their correct three-dimensional shape.

The process of carefully checking proteins for proper folding and function before they are allowed to leave the ER.

A protein complex that recognizes and binds to signal peptides during protein synthesis.

A lipid molecule attached to the C-terminus of some proteins, anchoring them to the cell membrane.

A receptor protein located on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane that recognizes and binds to the SRP-signal peptide complex.

The internal space within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It is an important site for protein synthesis and modification.

The process by which a protein is transported across a membrane, such as the ER membrane.

A type of protein translocation where the protein is transported across the membrane as it is being synthesized.

A complex of membranes that further processes proteins after they leave the ER. It sorts and modifies proteins for their final destinations.

The process by which a signal peptide is removed from a protein after it has been transported to the ER lumen.

The internal space of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

A type of ER without ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.

A chaperone protein that binds to unfolded or misfolded proteins, helping them fold correctly or triggering their degradation.

The process of lipid synthesis in the ER, starting with fatty acid delivery and ending with various phospholipids.

One of the major phospholipids synthesized in animal cells, playing a crucial role in membrane structure.

Enzymes that help transfer lipids between the two layers of the membrane to maintain proper lipid composition.

The process of modifying proteins after their initial synthesis, ensuring they are functional and correctly targeted within the cell.

Ribosomes are complex structures made of RNA and proteins, found in all living cells. They are the sites of protein synthesis, translating genetic information into protein.

The process of transporting a protein into or across a membrane, usually with the help of special proteins (translocators).

The movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus and ultimately to the plasma membrane or other destinations within the cell. It's a directional flow of proteins.

The movement of substances from the Golgi apparatus back to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It helps recycle components and ensures proper protein trafficking.

Involves the process of trimming the sugar chains (glycans) attached to proteins during glycosylation. It fine-tunes protein function and helps with its proper folding.

The process of sorting proteins into different vesicles for specific destinations within the cell or for secretion outside the cell. It ensures proteins go to the correct place.

Small, membrane-bound sacs that transport proteins and other molecules within the cell. They act as carriers for transporting materials between different compartments.