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Questions and Answers
Which type of cell is more evolved and complex compared to prokaryotic cells?
Which type of cell is more evolved and complex compared to prokaryotic cells?
- Specialized cells
- Multicellular cells
- Eukaryotic cells (correct)
- Unicellular cells
What is the functional and morphological unit of living organisms?
What is the functional and morphological unit of living organisms?
- Cell (correct)
- Plasma membrane
- Nucleus
- Cytoplasm
In the human body, what are cells that resemble each other and serve the same purpose grouped together as?
In the human body, what are cells that resemble each other and serve the same purpose grouped together as?
- Systems
- Nuclei
- Tissues (correct)
- Organs
What is the main function of the nucleus in a cell?
What is the main function of the nucleus in a cell?
What organelles are responsible for energy production in the cell?
What organelles are responsible for energy production in the cell?
What is the outer boundary of a cell called?
What is the outer boundary of a cell called?
Where are centrioles located in the cell?
Where are centrioles located in the cell?
What forms the basal body of cilia?
What forms the basal body of cilia?
What is the main function of cilia?
What is the main function of cilia?
What is the main structure of flagella in human cells?
What is the main structure of flagella in human cells?
What is the main difference between cilia and flagella in human cells?
What is the main difference between cilia and flagella in human cells?
What does PCM stand for in relation to centrioles?
What does PCM stand for in relation to centrioles?
Which organelle is responsible for cellular respiration and ATP production?
Which organelle is responsible for cellular respiration and ATP production?
What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)?
What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)?
Which organelle contains oxidative enzymes involved in fatty acid degradation and hydrogen peroxide production?
Which organelle contains oxidative enzymes involved in fatty acid degradation and hydrogen peroxide production?
What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?
What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?
Which organelle is composed of tubules and vesicles with a lumen called cistern?
Which organelle is composed of tubules and vesicles with a lumen called cistern?
Which organelle consists of a cis face (entrance) and a trans face (exit)?
Which organelle consists of a cis face (entrance) and a trans face (exit)?
Which component of the cell membrane is responsible for limiting fatty acid movement and maintaining membrane fluidity?
Which component of the cell membrane is responsible for limiting fatty acid movement and maintaining membrane fluidity?
What type of fatty acids make the cell membranes more fluid?
What type of fatty acids make the cell membranes more fluid?
What is the main component of the cell membrane, constituting the majority of lipids?
What is the main component of the cell membrane, constituting the majority of lipids?
Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis and may synthesize proteins incorporated into the membrane when membrane-bound?
Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis and may synthesize proteins incorporated into the membrane when membrane-bound?
What is the liquid compartment of the cell that contains organelles and the cytoskeleton?
What is the liquid compartment of the cell that contains organelles and the cytoskeleton?
Which model describes the stable structure of the cell membrane as formed by proteins and phospholipids?
Which model describes the stable structure of the cell membrane as formed by proteins and phospholipids?
Which organelle is responsible for storing genetic material and contains most of the cell's DNA?
Which organelle is responsible for storing genetic material and contains most of the cell's DNA?
What is the liquid part of the nucleus that contains genetic material and nucleolus?
What is the liquid part of the nucleus that contains genetic material and nucleolus?
What is the complex of DNA and proteins that appears in heterochromatin or euchromatin form?
What is the complex of DNA and proteins that appears in heterochromatin or euchromatin form?
What is responsible for maintaining cell shape, organelle location, and movement?
What is responsible for maintaining cell shape, organelle location, and movement?
What form do chromosomes take during cell division?
What form do chromosomes take during cell division?
Which structure provides cell shape, regulates intracellular movement, and intervenes in cell division?
Which structure provides cell shape, regulates intracellular movement, and intervenes in cell division?
During which stage of the cell cycle does the cell increase its size, content, and replicates its genetic material?
During which stage of the cell cycle does the cell increase its size, content, and replicates its genetic material?
What is the phase of the cell cycle where the cell duplicates its DNA content?
What is the phase of the cell cycle where the cell duplicates its DNA content?
Which process involves the division of the nucleus followed by the division of the cytoplasm?
Which process involves the division of the nucleus followed by the division of the cytoplasm?
What is the period of cellular growth in the cell cycle, where the cell regains its size and synthesis of RNA, enzymes, and regulatory proteins occurs?
What is the period of cellular growth in the cell cycle, where the cell regains its size and synthesis of RNA, enzymes, and regulatory proteins occurs?
Which process involves the reduction of genetic material and leads to the formation of non-identical daughter cells?
Which process involves the reduction of genetic material and leads to the formation of non-identical daughter cells?
What is the process in which the cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells?
What is the process in which the cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells?
Which phase of interphase involves synthesis of RNA and proteins necessary for cell division?
Which phase of interphase involves synthesis of RNA and proteins necessary for cell division?
Which term refers to the process of nuclear division during mitosis?
Which term refers to the process of nuclear division during mitosis?
Which term describes a series of events that prepare a cell for division into two daughter cells?
Which term describes a series of events that prepare a cell for division into two daughter cells?
What is the first stage of the cell cycle involving cellular growth and restoration of nucleoli?
What is the first stage of the cell cycle involving cellular growth and restoration of nucleoli?
During which stage of interphase does DNA synthesis occur?
During which stage of interphase does DNA synthesis occur?
What is the process that leads to asexual reproduction and no reduction of genetic material in cells?
What is the process that leads to asexual reproduction and no reduction of genetic material in cells?
What is the main purpose of apoptosis in development?
What is the main purpose of apoptosis in development?
During which phase of the cell division do chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope disappears?
During which phase of the cell division do chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope disappears?
What is the purpose of meiosis?
What is the purpose of meiosis?
What is the function of the S phase in cell division?
What is the function of the S phase in cell division?
What is the main difference between apoptosis and necrosis?
What is the main difference between apoptosis and necrosis?
Which phase of meiosis is characterized by spindle fibers dragging a complete chromosome of each pair to opposite ends of the cell?
Which phase of meiosis is characterized by spindle fibers dragging a complete chromosome of each pair to opposite ends of the cell?
What is the purpose of apoptosis in homeostasis?
What is the purpose of apoptosis in homeostasis?
What occurs during telophase of cell division?
What occurs during telophase of cell division?
What is the characteristic of apoptosis in relation to DNA condensation?
What is the characteristic of apoptosis in relation to DNA condensation?
Which phase of meiosis results in the chromosome number being reduced from 2n to n?
Which phase of meiosis results in the chromosome number being reduced from 2n to n?
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Study Notes
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Mitochondria are self-replicating organelles that can duplicate their DNA and divide by fission
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Nucleus: largest organelle in the cell, responsible for storing genetic material, contains most of the cell's DNA and mechanisms for RNA synthesis and ribosome assembly
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Nucleus can vary position, shape, and size depending on cell function
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Surrounded by nuclear envelope, consisting of two concentric membranes with nuclear pores
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Nucleoplasm is the liquid part of the nucleus, contains genetic material and nucleolus
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Chromatin: complex of DNA and proteins, appears in heterochromatin or euchromatin form
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Chromatin condenses during cell division, forming chromosomes with specific number per species (e.g., human: 46 chromosomes)
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Chromosomes consist of chromatids joined at a centromere, with a kinetochore for binding to the mitotic spindle
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Cytoskeleton: system of tubules and protein filaments responsible for maintaining cell shape, organelle location, and movement
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Microfilaments (actin) form bundles and networks, responsible for muscle contraction and organelle movement
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Intermediate filaments support the cell's three-dimensional structure and anchor the cytoskeleton to the membrane
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Microtubules: hollow cylinders made of 13 protofilaments, provide cell shape, regulate intracellular movement and intervene in cell division.
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Stem cell division: 2c (diploid) and R (haploid)
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Daughter cells: diploids (contain 2n chromosomes) and haploids (contain n chromosomes)
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Meiosis: special type of cell division resulting in gametes, chromosome number reduced from 2n to n, gene recombination occurs
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Prophase: chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope disappears, spindle begins to form
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Prometaphase: homologous chromosomes remain together, microtubules joined to pairs of chromosomes, spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes
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Metaphase: pairs of homologous chromosomes align at the equator of the spindle
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Anaphase: spindle fibers drag a complete chromosome of each pair to opposite ends of the cell
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Telophase: two haploid nuclei formed, cytoplasm divides, microtubules and elements of contractile ring dismantled
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S phase: DNA content is doubled
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Cell death: can be caused by injuries, pathogens, absence of vascular supply, or genetic programming
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Apoptosis: programmed cell death, DNA condenses, cytoplasm shrinks, fragmentation of nuclear chromatin, cell membrane not destroyed, apoptotic bodies formed
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Necrosis: uncontrolled cell death, cell swells, mitochondrial damage, organelles destroyed, cell membrane disrupted, inflammatory reaction occurs, tissue damage
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Apoptosis in development: cells genetically programmed to undergo apoptosis during embryonic development, such as those forming fingers or tail
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Apoptosis in homeostasis: helps maintain balance between proliferation and cell death, participates in the remodeling and maturation of organs and tissues.
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Apoptosis in intrinsic pathway: activated when intracellular damage occurs and intervention of immune system or inflammatory reaction is not appropriate, can be caused by physic and chemic agents, or by tumoral cells.
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