Protein Synthesis and Cellular Organelles Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which type of cell is more evolved and complex compared to prokaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells

What is the functional and morphological unit of living organisms?

Cell

In the human body, what are cells that resemble each other and serve the same purpose grouped together as?

Tissues

What is the main function of the nucleus in a cell?

Storage of genetic material Signup and view all the answers

What organelles are responsible for energy production in the cell?

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What is the outer boundary of a cell called?

Plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

Where are centrioles located in the cell?

Next to the Golgi, near the nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What forms the basal body of cilia?

9 triplets of microtubules Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of cilia?

Moving substances from the cell's surface Signup and view all the answers

What is the main structure of flagella in human cells?

9 doublets of microtubules Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between cilia and flagella in human cells?

Cilia are shorter and more numerous, while flagella are longer and fewer in number Signup and view all the answers

What does PCM stand for in relation to centrioles?

Pericentriolar Material Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for cellular respiration and ATP production?

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)?

Protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle contains oxidative enzymes involved in fatty acid degradation and hydrogen peroxide production?

Peroxisomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

Modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins and lipids Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is composed of tubules and vesicles with a lumen called cistern?

Endoplasmic Reticulum Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle consists of a cis face (entrance) and a trans face (exit)?

Golgi Apparatus Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the cell membrane is responsible for limiting fatty acid movement and maintaining membrane fluidity?

Cholesterol Signup and view all the answers

What type of fatty acids make the cell membranes more fluid?

Unsaturated fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of the cell membrane, constituting the majority of lipids?

Phospholipids Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis and may synthesize proteins incorporated into the membrane when membrane-bound?

Ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the liquid compartment of the cell that contains organelles and the cytoskeleton?

Cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

Which model describes the stable structure of the cell membrane as formed by proteins and phospholipids?

Fluid Mosaic Model Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for storing genetic material and contains most of the cell's DNA?

Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the liquid part of the nucleus that contains genetic material and nucleolus?

Nucleoplasm Signup and view all the answers

What is the complex of DNA and proteins that appears in heterochromatin or euchromatin form?

Chromatin Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for maintaining cell shape, organelle location, and movement?

Microtubules Signup and view all the answers

What form do chromosomes take during cell division?

Chromatids joined at a centromere Signup and view all the answers

Which structure provides cell shape, regulates intracellular movement, and intervenes in cell division?

Microtubules Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of the cell cycle does the cell increase its size, content, and replicates its genetic material?

Interphase Signup and view all the answers

What is the phase of the cell cycle where the cell duplicates its DNA content?

Phase S Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the division of the nucleus followed by the division of the cytoplasm?

Cytokinesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the period of cellular growth in the cell cycle, where the cell regains its size and synthesis of RNA, enzymes, and regulatory proteins occurs?

Phase G1 Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the reduction of genetic material and leads to the formation of non-identical daughter cells?

Meiosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the process in which the cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells?

Mitosis Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of interphase involves synthesis of RNA and proteins necessary for cell division?

Phase G2 Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the process of nuclear division during mitosis?

Cariokinesis Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a series of events that prepare a cell for division into two daughter cells?

Cell Cycle Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stage of the cell cycle involving cellular growth and restoration of nucleoli?

Phase G1 Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of interphase does DNA synthesis occur?

Phase S Signup and view all the answers

What is the process that leads to asexual reproduction and no reduction of genetic material in cells?

Mitosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of apoptosis in development?

To participate in the remodeling and maturation of organs and tissues Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cell division do chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope disappears?

Prophase Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of meiosis?

To produce gametes with reduced chromosome number Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the S phase in cell division?

To double the DNA content Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between apoptosis and necrosis?

Apoptosis does not destroy the cell membrane, while necrosis disrupts it Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of meiosis is characterized by spindle fibers dragging a complete chromosome of each pair to opposite ends of the cell?

Anaphase Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of apoptosis in homeostasis?

To maintain balance between proliferation and cell death Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during telophase of cell division?

Two haploid nuclei are formed Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of apoptosis in relation to DNA condensation?

DNA condenses Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of meiosis results in the chromosome number being reduced from 2n to n?

Telophase Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Mitochondria are self-replicating organelles that can duplicate their DNA and divide by fission
Nucleus: largest organelle in the cell, responsible for storing genetic material, contains most of the cell's DNA and mechanisms for RNA synthesis and ribosome assembly
Nucleus can vary position, shape, and size depending on cell function
Surrounded by nuclear envelope, consisting of two concentric membranes with nuclear pores
Nucleoplasm is the liquid part of the nucleus, contains genetic material and nucleolus
Chromatin: complex of DNA and proteins, appears in heterochromatin or euchromatin form
Chromatin condenses during cell division, forming chromosomes with specific number per species (e.g., human: 46 chromosomes)
Chromosomes consist of chromatids joined at a centromere, with a kinetochore for binding to the mitotic spindle
Cytoskeleton: system of tubules and protein filaments responsible for maintaining cell shape, organelle location, and movement
Microfilaments (actin) form bundles and networks, responsible for muscle contraction and organelle movement
Intermediate filaments support the cell's three-dimensional structure and anchor the cytoskeleton to the membrane
Microtubules: hollow cylinders made of 13 protofilaments, provide cell shape, regulate intracellular movement and intervene in cell division.
Stem cell division: 2c (diploid) and R (haploid)
Daughter cells: diploids (contain 2n chromosomes) and haploids (contain n chromosomes)
Meiosis: special type of cell division resulting in gametes, chromosome number reduced from 2n to n, gene recombination occurs
Prophase: chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope disappears, spindle begins to form
Prometaphase: homologous chromosomes remain together, microtubules joined to pairs of chromosomes, spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes
Metaphase: pairs of homologous chromosomes align at the equator of the spindle
Anaphase: spindle fibers drag a complete chromosome of each pair to opposite ends of the cell
Telophase: two haploid nuclei formed, cytoplasm divides, microtubules and elements of contractile ring dismantled
S phase: DNA content is doubled
Cell death: can be caused by injuries, pathogens, absence of vascular supply, or genetic programming
Apoptosis: programmed cell death, DNA condenses, cytoplasm shrinks, fragmentation of nuclear chromatin, cell membrane not destroyed, apoptotic bodies formed
Necrosis: uncontrolled cell death, cell swells, mitochondrial damage, organelles destroyed, cell membrane disrupted, inflammatory reaction occurs, tissue damage
Apoptosis in development: cells genetically programmed to undergo apoptosis during embryonic development, such as those forming fingers or tail
Apoptosis in homeostasis: helps maintain balance between proliferation and cell death, participates in the remodeling and maturation of organs and tissues.
Apoptosis in intrinsic pathway: activated when intracellular damage occurs and intervention of immune system or inflammatory reaction is not appropriate, can be caused by physic and chemic agents, or by tumoral cells.

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