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Questions and Answers
What are proteins composed of?
What are proteins composed of?
- Carbohydrates
- Nucleic acids
- Long chains of amino acid residues (correct)
- Fatty acids
What class of molecules do proteins belong to?
What class of molecules do proteins belong to?
- Biomolecules (correct)
- Micromolecules
- Inorganic molecules
- Organic molecules
What is the structure of proteins?
What is the structure of proteins?
- Circular chains of amino acid residues
- One or more long chains of amino acid residues (correct)
- Branched chains of amino acid residues
- Short chains of amino acid residues
What is the general term for the building blocks of proteins?
What is the general term for the building blocks of proteins?
What type of molecules are proteins?
What type of molecules are proteins?
What is the primary difference between proteins?
What is the primary difference between proteins?
What percentage of the human body is made up of proteins?
What percentage of the human body is made up of proteins?
What is one of the functions of proteins?
What is one of the functions of proteins?
What is a result of protein function?
What is a result of protein function?
What is a characteristic of proteins?
What is a characteristic of proteins?
What is the title of the course mentioned in the content?
What is the title of the course mentioned in the content?
Who is the instructor of the course?
Who is the instructor of the course?
What is the name of the university mentioned in the content?
What is the name of the university mentioned in the content?
What is the academic department mentioned in the content?
What is the academic department mentioned in the content?
What is the topic of the lecture or course module?
What is the topic of the lecture or course module?
What is the role of glutamate hydrogenase in the urea cycle?
What is the role of glutamate hydrogenase in the urea cycle?
What is the form in which nitrogen atoms from urea enter the urea cycle?
What is the form in which nitrogen atoms from urea enter the urea cycle?
What is the molecule that incorporates NH3 and HCO3-?
What is the molecule that incorporates NH3 and HCO3-?
What is the source of nitrogen atoms that enter the urea cycle?
What is the source of nitrogen atoms that enter the urea cycle?
In what form do nitrogen atoms from ammonia enter the urea cycle?
In what form do nitrogen atoms from ammonia enter the urea cycle?
What is the approximate ATP cost of forming one peptide bond?
What is the approximate ATP cost of forming one peptide bond?
What percentage of whole-body energy expenditure is accounted for by protein synthesis?
What percentage of whole-body energy expenditure is accounted for by protein synthesis?
What is the term for the minimal nitrogen excretion?
What is the term for the minimal nitrogen excretion?
What occurs when dietary protein exceeds requirements?
What occurs when dietary protein exceeds requirements?
What is the primary function of the urea cycle?
What is the primary function of the urea cycle?
What is the result of a positive nitrogen balance?
What is the result of a positive nitrogen balance?
What is the term for the process of breaking down proteins?
What is the term for the process of breaking down proteins?
What is the primary waste product of the urea cycle?
What is the primary waste product of the urea cycle?
What is the term for the balance between nitrogen intake and excretion?
What is the term for the balance between nitrogen intake and excretion?
What is the result of a negative nitrogen balance?
What is the result of a negative nitrogen balance?
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Study Notes
Protein Structure and Function
- Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
- Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids.
- Proteins perform a wide range of functions in living organisms, including enzymatic catalysis, transportation, providing structure to cells and organisms, responding to stimuli, and replicating DNA.
Protein Metabolism
- 20% of the human body is made up of proteins.
- Inadequate protein intake can hinder growth in children.
Overview of Amino Acid Metabolism
- Amino acid metabolism involves protein turnover, protein synthesis, and protein catabolism.
Protein Synthesis
- Protein synthesis is an ongoing, semicontinuous activity in all cells, with rates varying greatly between tissues.
- The rate of protein synthesis is regulated by hormones and the supply of amino acids and energy.
- Each peptide bond formation requires approximately 5 ATP.
Protein Catabolism
- Some net catabolism of body proteins occurs at all times, with urinary nitrogen excretion yielding urea.
- Minimal nitrogen excretion is termed endogenous urinary nitrogen (EUN).
- Protein catabolism occurs when dietary protein exceeds requirements, the composition of absorbed amino acids is unbalanced, or gluconeogenesis is increased.
Amino Acid Metabolism
- Amino acid metabolism involves biosynthesis of nonessential amino acids, amino acid catabolism, conversion to glucose or fat, and the urea cycle.
Nitrogen Balance
- Nitrogen balance = nitrogen ingested - nitrogen excreted.
- Nitrogen balance = 0 indicates nitrogen equilibrium, where protein synthesis equals protein degradation.
- Positive nitrogen balance occurs when protein synthesis exceeds protein degradation, and negative nitrogen balance occurs when protein synthesis is less than protein degradation.
Urea Cycle
- The urea cycle is a cycle of biochemical reactions that produces urea (NH2)2 CO from ammonia (NH3) in many animals.
- The urea cycle is essential for removing ammonia, which is toxic, and converting it to urea, a less toxic substance.
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