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What are proteins composed of?
What class of molecules do proteins belong to?
What is the structure of proteins?
What is the general term for the building blocks of proteins?
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What type of molecules are proteins?
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What is the primary difference between proteins?
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What percentage of the human body is made up of proteins?
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What is one of the functions of proteins?
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What is a result of protein function?
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What is a characteristic of proteins?
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What is the role of glutamate hydrogenase in the urea cycle?
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What is the form in which nitrogen atoms from urea enter the urea cycle?
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What is the molecule that incorporates NH3 and HCO3-?
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What is the source of nitrogen atoms that enter the urea cycle?
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In what form do nitrogen atoms from ammonia enter the urea cycle?
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What is the approximate ATP cost of forming one peptide bond?
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What percentage of whole-body energy expenditure is accounted for by protein synthesis?
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What is the term for the minimal nitrogen excretion?
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What occurs when dietary protein exceeds requirements?
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What is the primary function of the urea cycle?
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What is the result of a positive nitrogen balance?
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What is the term for the process of breaking down proteins?
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What is the primary waste product of the urea cycle?
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What is the result of a negative nitrogen balance?
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Study Notes
Protein Structure and Function
- Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
- Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids.
- Proteins perform a wide range of functions in living organisms, including enzymatic catalysis, transportation, providing structure to cells and organisms, responding to stimuli, and replicating DNA.
Protein Metabolism
- 20% of the human body is made up of proteins.
- Inadequate protein intake can hinder growth in children.
Overview of Amino Acid Metabolism
- Amino acid metabolism involves protein turnover, protein synthesis, and protein catabolism.
Protein Synthesis
- Protein synthesis is an ongoing, semicontinuous activity in all cells, with rates varying greatly between tissues.
- The rate of protein synthesis is regulated by hormones and the supply of amino acids and energy.
- Each peptide bond formation requires approximately 5 ATP.
Protein Catabolism
- Some net catabolism of body proteins occurs at all times, with urinary nitrogen excretion yielding urea.
- Minimal nitrogen excretion is termed endogenous urinary nitrogen (EUN).
- Protein catabolism occurs when dietary protein exceeds requirements, the composition of absorbed amino acids is unbalanced, or gluconeogenesis is increased.
Amino Acid Metabolism
- Amino acid metabolism involves biosynthesis of nonessential amino acids, amino acid catabolism, conversion to glucose or fat, and the urea cycle.
Nitrogen Balance
- Nitrogen balance = nitrogen ingested - nitrogen excreted.
- Nitrogen balance = 0 indicates nitrogen equilibrium, where protein synthesis equals protein degradation.
- Positive nitrogen balance occurs when protein synthesis exceeds protein degradation, and negative nitrogen balance occurs when protein synthesis is less than protein degradation.
Urea Cycle
- The urea cycle is a cycle of biochemical reactions that produces urea (NH2)2 CO from ammonia (NH3) in many animals.
- The urea cycle is essential for removing ammonia, which is toxic, and converting it to urea, a less toxic substance.
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Description
Learn about the composition, diversity, and functions of proteins in living organisms, including enzymatic catalysis, transportation, and more.
