60 Questions
Which category of proteins is responsible for transporting molecules such as hemoglobin and serum albumin?
Transport proteins
What is the main cause of Kwashiorkor?
Deficiency in dietary protein
How many amino acids are found in living organisms?
20
What is the process called when a mRNA molecule is decoded by a ribosome to produce a specific amino acid chain or polypeptide?
Translation
Which of the following is NOT a building block of DNA?
Protein
Which of the following bases belong to the double-ringed class of molecules called purines?
Adenine and guanine
Which of the following is the correct base pairing in DNA?
Guanine with thymine
Who proposed Chargaff's Rules?
Erwin Chargaff
Which type of DNA helix is the most common?
B-DNA
Who shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of the double-helix model of DNA structure?
All of the above
What is the process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules called?
DNA replication
Which of the following statements about DNA replication is true?
All of the above.
Which of the following is NOT a class of ncRNAs mentioned in the text?
tRNAs
What is the function of tRNA in translation?
To carry amino acids to the ribosome
What is the role of the promoter in transcription?
To separate the DNA strands and initiate transcription
What is alternative splicing?
A process where multiple proteins are produced from a single gene
Which of the following is a common post-translational modification of proteins?
Glycosylation
What is the role of glycosylation in cells?
All of the above
Which residues are phosphorylated in bacteria?
Histidines, aspartates, and tyrosines
What is the function of response regulators in two-component signal transduction systems?
They activate the transcription of specific target genes
Which direction does DNA replication occur in?
5' to 3'
What is the leading strand in DNA replication?
The daughter strand that is synthesized continuously
What is the lagging strand in DNA replication?
The daughter strand that is synthesized discontinuously
What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication on the lagging strand?
DNA primase, DNA polymerase, RNase H, DNA ligase
Which molecule acts as an inhibitor of FixL in the network design?
FixT
What is a genome?
A cell's complete set of hereditary information
What does the genome typically encode in?
DNA
What are the characteristics of an organism's genome?
All of the above
What do structural genes code for?
mRNAs and tRNAs
Which organism had the first shotgun sequenced genome?
Haemophilus influenzae
Which of the following is NOT a building block of DNA?
RNA
Which of the following is NOT a DNA base?
Uracil
What is the complementary base pair for adenine in DNA?
Thymine
What is the role of DNA in the cell?
Storage and retrieval of biological information
Which of the following is a characteristic of the lagging strand in DNA replication?
Okazaki fragments are synthesized.
What is the function of DNA primase in DNA replication?
Synthesizes short RNA primers.
What is the role of RNase H in DNA replication?
Erases RNA primers.
What is the function of DNA ligase in DNA replication?
Seals two consecutive fragments.
Which of the following is a characteristic of Kwashiorkor?
Swelling of the ankles and feet
What is the main function of transport proteins?
To transport molecules
Which of the following is true about the genetic code?
It is a triplet code
What is the process by which a mRNA molecule is decoded by a ribosome to produce a specific amino acid chain or polypeptide?
Translation
Which of the following statements about protein glycosylation is true?
Glycosylation can alter the function of proteins.
What is the most complex post-translational modification?
Glycosylation
What are the phosphorylated residues in eukaryotes?
Serines
What is the role of response regulators in two-component signal transduction systems?
They activate transcription of specific genes.
Which of the following statements about the double-helix model of DNA structure is true?
The double-helix model was discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick
Which of the following types of DNA helices is characterized by having the bases form the core of the double helix, while the sugar/phosphate backbones are on the outside?
B-DNA
What is the error rate or mutation rate during DNA replication?
1 nucleotide change per 1000 nucleotides
Which of the following statements about DNA replication is true?
DNA replication is a semi-conservative process
Which of the following is involved in the translation of mRNA into proteins?
tRNA
What is the function of the RNA polymerase in transcription?
Binds to the promoter region of DNA to initiate transcription
What is the primary function of alternative splicing?
To produce multiple proteins from a single gene
Which of the following structures is created by a combination of loops, alpha-helices, and beta-sheets?
Tertiary structure
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an organism's genome?
Number of structural genes
Which of the following is the correct timeline of key genome projects?
1977: Bacteriophage lambda, 1982: Haemophilus influenzae, 1998: Caenorhabditis elegans, 2000: Arabidopsis thaliana, 2001: Draft human genome
What is the role of non-functional sequences in a genome?
They are used to be thought of as mostly 'junk'
What is the function of the promoter in transcription?
To initiate transcription of a gene
What is the main cause of Kwashiorkor?
Protein deficiency
What is the function of response regulators in two-component signal transduction systems?
To regulate gene expression in response to environmental stimuli
Study Notes
Proteins
- Globulins, albumins, and lipoproteins are categories of proteins responsible for transporting molecules such as hemoglobin and serum albumin.
Kwashiorkor
- The main cause of Kwashiorkor is a diet that lacks protein.
Amino Acids
- There are 20 different amino acids found in living organisms.
Translation
- The process called translation is when a mRNA molecule is decoded by a ribosome to produce a specific amino acid chain or polypeptide.
DNA Structure
- The building blocks of DNA are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T).
- Purines are a double-ringed class of molecules that include adenine (A) and guanine (G).
- The correct base pairing in DNA is adenine (A) with thymine (T) and guanine (G) with cytosine (C).
- Erwin Chargaff proposed Chargaff's Rules.
- The most common type of DNA helix is B-form DNA.
- James Watson and Francis Crick shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of the double-helix model of DNA structure.
DNA Replication
- The process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules is called replication.
- During DNA replication, the leading strand is continuously synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction, and the lagging strand is synthesized in short, discontinuous segments called Okazaki fragments in the 5' to 3' direction.
- The enzymes involved in DNA replication on the lagging strand are RNA primase, DNA polymerase, and RNAse H.
Genome
- A genome is the complete set of genetic information contained within an organism's DNA.
- The genome typically encodes in the form of genes, which carry information from one generation to the next.
- The characteristics of an organism's genome include the complete set of genes, regulatory elements, and other functional regions.
- Structural genes code for proteins.
- Haemophilus influenzae was the first organism to have its genome shotgun sequenced.
Post-Translational Modification
- Glycosylation is a common post-translational modification of proteins, and it plays a crucial role in various cellular processes.
- In bacteria, the residues phosphorylated are histidine and aspartate.
- The function of response regulators in two-component signal transduction systems is to respond to environmental stimuli.
Protein Synthesis
- The main function of transport proteins is to transport molecules and ions across cell membranes.
- The genetic code is degenerate, meaning that more than one codon can code for the same amino acid.
Transcription
- The function of the RNA polymerase in transcription is to synthesize a complementary RNA copy from a DNA template.
- The primary function of alternative splicing is to generate different mRNA isoforms from a single gene.
- The promoter in transcription is a specific DNA sequence that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it correctly to initiate transcription.
Test your knowledge on post-translational modifications of proteins! Learn about the various moieties that can be attached to proteins, including acetate, phosphate, and lipid. Discover how these modifications can alter protein function and regulate activity.
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