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Protecting Personally Identifiable Information (PII)
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Protecting Personally Identifiable Information (PII)

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@SimplifiedIodine

Questions and Answers

What is the main concept behind transposition encryption?

  • It replaces letters with numbers only.
  • It uses a fixed key for substitution.
  • It doesn't require a specific pattern to decode.
  • It alters the position of letters in a message. (correct)

    • Which of the following is an example of a substitution encryption method?

  • Reversing the order of letters
  • Dividing the text into multiple parts
  • Changing the case of letters in a message
  • Shifting letters to the right by a fixed number (correct)

    • How does the Caesar cipher determine which letters to substitute?

  • By applying a designated shift value (correct)
  • By counting letters to the left of the alphabet
  • By replacing vowels with consonants only
  • By using a random letter generator

    • In T9 texting, what action is taken to type the letter 'H'?

    <p>Press the 4 key twice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these shifts would correspond to an 'F' in the Caesar cipher if the shift is 5?

    <p>A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if the encryption information is easily accessible by unauthorized people?

    <p>Sensitive information may be exposed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the Caesar cipher's shift is 3, what letter corresponds to 'I'?

    <p>L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes substitution ciphers as opposed to transposition ciphers?

    <p>They replace letters with different symbols.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many times do you need to tap the button for the letter 'O' using T9 texting?

    <p>Three times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a substitution cipher replace in a message?

    <p>Letters with other letters, numbers, or symbols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of encryption methods?

    <p>To protect data from unauthorized access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of the Caesar cipher?

    <p>It shifts letters by a fixed number of positions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a real-world application of substitution encryption?

    <p>T9 texting on early cell phones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen if encryption information was easily accessible by others?

    <p>Data could be compromised or stolen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between transposition and substitution encryption methods?

    <p>Transposition methods change the position of letters, while substitution methods replace letters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the encryption method that Julius Caesar used to communicate with his generals?

    <p>Caesar Cipher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Caesar cipher determine the shift?

    <p>Using a fixed shift value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of substitution ciphers?

    <p>They replace letters with other letters or characters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the shift in the Caesar cipher?

    <p>To encode the message</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of using encryption methods?

    <p>Improved data security and confidentiality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key responsibility of citizenship in a digital world?

    <p>Safeguarding Personally Identifiable Information (PII)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically needed to access websites or login to online accounts?

    <p>Email and password</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of using strong passwords?

    <p>Harder to hack into the account</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you avoid including in your password?

    <p>Personal identifiable information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an authentication measure?

    <p>To identify the user in the virtual world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many characters should a strong password have at a minimum?

    <p>8 characters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to keep your PII safe?

    <p>So your information is protected from unauthorized access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a strong password?

    <p>It is easy for you to remember but hard for others to guess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of multi-factor authentication?

    <p>To safeguard against unauthorized access to accounts and PII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of having accessible PII?

    <p>Risk of identity theft and stalking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can prevent infections and fix errors that could compromise a system?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of multi-factor authentication?

    <p>Security image identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is multi-factor authentication more secure than one-step authentication?

    <p>It provides more than one layer of security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can password managers generate for online accounts?

    <p>Complex, random passwords</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of storing PII online?

    <p>It can lead to identity theft and stalking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do when allowing a new website access to your personal information?

    <p>Limit the permission settings and adjust them accordingly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of multi-factor authentication?

    <p>It uses at least two types of authentication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of protection software?

    <p>To protect systems from cyber attacks and infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of a phishing email attack?

    <p>To trick the recipient into revealing personal information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key indicator of a phishing email?

    <p>An unofficial 'From' address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of a keylogging attack?

    <p>To gather usernames and passwords</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is keylogging considered an unethical practice?

    <p>It invades users' privacy and captures sensitive information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes public networks particularly vulnerable to cyber attacks?

    <p>They are easier to access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen if you respond to a phishing email?

    <p>You will unintentionally reveal personal information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a phishing email?

    <p>It creates a sense of urgency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can keylogger software do?

    <p>Identify if someone is attempting to keylog</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are public networks insecure?

    <p>Because they are often unencrypted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk of using public networks?

    <p>Data may be intercepted by hackers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an access point on a network?

    <p>To create a wireless local area network by connecting to a router</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major risk associated with connecting to a rogue access point?

    <p>Loss of personally identifiable information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between digital and manual files?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of using digital files?

    <p>Time savings in editing and transferring files</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of digital files?

    <p>Dependence on internet connectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is file insecurity?

    <p>A concept that all files have vulnerabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen to insecure files?

    <p>They can be lost, overridden, or corrupted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of digital files?

    <p>They can be easily transferred electronically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of using digital files in businesses?

    <p>Reduced paper costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should users be cautious when connecting to public networks?

    <p>To protect their personally identifiable information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of encrypting a hard drive and mobile device?

    <p>To ensure the confidentiality of information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept that measures how unpredictable a password is based on the type and combination of characters used and the length of the password?

    <p>Password entropy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of implementing anti-virus software?

    <p>To prevent cyber attacks and data damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for ensuring that information is not disclosed to the wrong individuals?

    <p>Confidentiality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of encrypting plaintext?

    <p>Ciphertext</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of keeping your computer and devices updated?

    <p>To enhance digital security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of implementing the five pillars of cybersecurity?

    <p>To maintain digital security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the calculation for password entropy?

    <p>Log base 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for proving the identities of the sender and recipient when transferring information?

    <p>Non-repudiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of restricting access to files?

    <p>To prevent unauthorized access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a white hat hacker?

    <p>To identify and report security flaws to companies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hacker would likely charge a fee for reporting vulnerabilities they discover?

    <p>Grey hat hacker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of malware?

    <p>Firewall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a computer virus?

    <p>It replicates itself and spreads to other systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can a computer virus be spread?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential consequence of a virus infection?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can you protect yourself from malware?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of black hat hackers?

    <p>They use their skills for ethical purposes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a worm and a virus?

    <p>A worm spreads through networks, while a virus requires a host program to spread.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a ransomware attack?

    <p>A hacker encrypts your files and demands payment to unlock them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common challenge in identifying the source of a DDoS attack?

    <p>The attack can involve many machines making requests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of unintended consequences in the digital age?

    <p>Programmer bias and privacy infringement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is algorithmic bias?

    <p>A systematic error in computer systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Digital Divide?

    <p>The gap between those who have access to the Internet and computers, and those who do not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can contribute to programmer bias?

    <p>The programmer's life experience and perception of the world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do algorithms on social media platforms contribute to algorithmic bias?

    <p>By adjusting what users see based on their online activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be used to predict the types of ads a user might want to see?

    <p>A user's digital footprint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can determine whether a person has access to the Internet and computers?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a result of unchecked programmer bias?

    <p>Unintended consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk of the Digital Divide?

    <p>Those without access to the Internet and computers may be left behind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the letters in a message when using the transposition encryption method?

    <p>They are rearranged according to a specific pattern.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the shift in the Caesar cipher?

    <p>It specifies the number of positions to shift the letters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was the T9 method of texting used in early cell phones?

    <p>To encode messages using substitution cipher.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of substitution ciphers?

    <p>They replace letters with new characters or numbers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen if encryption information was easily accessible by unauthorized people?

    <p>Their data could be compromised or stolen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between transposition and substitution encryption methods?

    <p>Transposition rearranges letters, while substitution replaces letters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of encryption methods like the Caesar cipher?

    <p>To encode plain text messages securely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a real-world application of substitution encryption?

    <p>T9 texting on early cell phones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a dictionary attack?

    <p>A cyber attack that uses a list of common words and phrases to try and guess a password.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of cybercrime?

    <p>Network security audits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of a Denial of Service (DoS) attack?

    <p>To disrupt the normal operation of a website or server.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it generally recommended to avoid using dictionary words in passwords?

    <p>Dictionary words are easily guessed by hackers using dictionary attack software.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between a DoS attack and a DDoS attack?

    <p>A DoS attack is launched from a single source, while a DDoS attack uses multiple sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a common method used to gain unauthorized access to a system in order to spread malware?

    <p>Exploiting vulnerabilities in the system's software.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of cyber attack?

    <p>Network Security Audit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why using personally identifiable information (PII) in passwords is strongly discouraged?

    <p>It's easier for hackers to guess passwords that contain PII.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to keep your PII safe?

    <p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of encryption methods?

    <p>To protect data from unauthorized access.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between symmetric key encryption and public key encryption?

    <p>Symmetric key encryption uses one key for both encryption and decryption, while public key encryption uses separate keys for each.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using symmetric key encryption?

    <p>High security due to the use of separate keys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of encryption, what does 'ciphertext' refer to?

    <p>The encrypted message that is unreadable without the decryption key.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a certificate authority in encryption?

    <p>To verify the ownership of encryption keys used in secure communications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the process of decryption?

    <p>Converting a ciphertext message back into plain text.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of using encryption?

    <p>To make data more difficult to access and understand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of encryption, what is a 'key'?

    <p>A code used to encrypt a message.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disadvantage of symmetric key encryption?

    <p>It can be vulnerable if the key is compromised.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a public key in public key encryption?

    <p>To encrypt the message.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a real-world scenario where encryption is essential?

    <p>Making an online purchase with a credit card.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the open innovation movement?

    <p>Collaborating on projects and ideas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes open access?

    <p>Unrestricted online access to research materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one significant benefit of open access repositories?

    <p>Equitable access to information regardless of payment ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Polish Cipher Bureau contribute during World War II?

    <p>Broke the German Enigma code</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does cryptography play in today's digital age?

    <p>Securing personal and financial data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of encryption in cryptography?

    <p>To obscure data to unauthorized users</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of open access repositories?

    <p>They require users to pay for access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ancient civilization is noted for some of the earliest forms of cryptography?

    <p>Ancient Egyptians with their hieroglyphics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes modern cryptography?

    <p>The science of storing data securely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical aspect of maintaining information security in cryptography?

    <p>Employing strong encryption methods and protocols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to the digital divide?

    <p>Limited access to electricity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key responsibility of programmers in mitigating the negative impacts of computing?

    <p>Promoting accountability and transparency in their programming solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these options is NOT a potential solution to the digital divide?

    <p>Implementing stricter government regulations on internet access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary purpose of the Digital Millenium Copyright Act (DMCA)?

    <p>To protect intellectual property and copyright in the digital age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of infrastructure that contributes to the digital divide?

    <p>Secure financial systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can programmers contribute to addressing the digital divide?

    <p>By developing programs that are accessible to people with varying levels of technical skills and resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key element of a programmer's Code of Ethics?

    <p>Promoting transparency and accountability in their work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these options is a potential consequence of ignoring ethical concerns in computing?

    <p>Exploitation of privacy and other protections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary challenge in addressing the digital divide?

    <p>The high cost of internet access and connected devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that can influence the digital divide?

    <p>Gender equality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Protecting Personally Identifiable Information (PII)

    • PII can be collected through devices, websites, and detection hardware and software that track movements and location.
    • Safeguarding PII is a key responsibility of citizenship in a digital world.

    Authentication Measures

    • One-step authentication measures use email and password to secure information.
    • Strong passwords should be:
      • At least 8-12 characters long
      • Include capitalized letters
      • Include lowercase letters
      • Include numbers
      • Include symbols
      • Avoid personal identifiable information (e.g. birthday or name)
      • Not be words found in a dictionary
    • Multi-factor authentication provides more than one layer of security, using a minimum of two steps to access a virtual space.
    • Examples of multi-factor authentication include:
      • Choosing and identifying a security image
      • reCAPTCHA identification
      • Identifying pictures with a common image in them
      • Answering security questions

    Disadvantages of Accessible PII

    • Negative consequences of accessible PII include:
      • Credit card information getting into the wrong hands
      • Web browsers tracking search history and preferences
      • Location information being collected
      • Information being used to stalk or steal identities

    Protecting PII

    • All systems have flaws, so software is needed to protect against cyber attacks.
    • Recommendations for protection software include:
      • Kaspersky Anti-Virus
      • AVG Anti-Virus
      • Norton 360 Deluxe Malware Protection
      • ESET Cybersecurity
    • Limit permission settings when allowing websites access to personal information.
    • Password managers can generate complex, random passwords for online accounts.

    Cybersecurity Awareness

    • Be aware of where your digital footprint is to keep data secure.
    • Cyber attacks include dictionary attacks, brute force attacks, and more.
    • Hackers can be categorized as:
      • White hat hackers (ethical hackers who test systems and protect against attacks)
      • Black hat hackers (criminals who use their skills for personal gain)
      • Grey hat hackers (individuals with a combination of white and black hat ethics)

    Types of Attacks

    • Malware refers to malicious software, including viruses, worms, spyware, and ransomware.
    • Viruses are specialized computer programs that replicate and insert their code into a new host.
    • Phishing is a type of cyber attack that uses disguised emails to trick recipients into providing personal information.
    • Keylogging attacks use software or hardware to track keystrokes and gain access to usernames, passwords, and other information.

    Public Network Insecurities

    • Public networks are especially dangerous to cybersecurity because data can be easily accessed by hackers.
    • Rogue access points can be created by hackers to steal personal information.

    Digital Files

    • Digital files have benefits, including:
      • Time-saving in editing and transferring files
      • Better efficiency in record-keeping
      • Easier access to files
    • However, digital files also have limitations and risks, including:
      • Security breaches
      • File insecurity
      • Losing or corrupting information

    File Security

    • File security is a feature of the file system that controls access and limits what users can do to files.
    • Effects of file insecurity include losing, overriding, or corrupting information.
    • Steps to ensure file security include:
      • Keeping computers and devices updated
      • Using strong passwords
      • Using anti-virus software
      • Encrypting hard drives and mobile devices
      • Restricting access to files

    Five Pillars of Cybersecurity

    • The five pillars are:
      • Confidentiality (ensuring information is not disclosed to the wrong individuals)
      • Integrity (ensuring information is not damaged or modified during transmission)
      • Availability (ensuring services are accessible to users)
      • Non-repudiation (proving the identities of the sender and recipient)
      • Authentication (confirming identities before allowing access to cyber services)### Password Entropy
    • Formula to calculate password entropy: log2(SL)
    • S: Size of the pool of unique possible symbols
    • L: Password Length
    • Example: 6-character password with 26 possible symbols (all lowercase letters)
      • Possible combinations: 26^6 = 308,915,776
      • Bits of entropy: log2(26^6) = 28.2

    Encryption and Decryption

    • Encryption: process of changing plaintext (original message) to ciphertext (encrypted text) for security
    • Decryption: process of converting ciphertext back to plaintext using a key

    Downfalls of Computing

    • Intentional misuse (cybercrime): using computing to commit crimes, e.g. fraud, hacking, identity theft, malware, phishing, cyberstalking
    • Unintentional negative side effects: programmer bias, algorithmic bias, privacy infringement, inequitable access to technology and the internet

    Cyber Attacks

    • Dictionary attacks: using algorithms to try common words and variations for passwords
    • Brute force attacks: using software to generate many password guesses based on user information
    • Denial of Service (DoS) attacks: overwhelming a network server with traffic to prevent legitimate access
    • Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks: using multiple devices to attack a single target

    Unintended Consequences

    • Programmer bias: unintended consequences due to programmers' own biases and limited testing
    • Algorithmic bias: systematic errors in computer systems that create unfair outcomes
    • Privacy infringement: collection and use of personal data without consent
    • Digital Divide: unequal access to technology and the internet due to infrastructure, geographic barriers, government restrictions, and socioeconomic status

    Solutions to the Digital Divide

    • Increase affordability of internet access and devices
    • Develop more infrastructure for global connectivity
    • Create informational resources for low-cost devices and internet access

    Programmer Responsibilities

    • Code of Ethics: guidelines for programmers to promote accountability and transparency
    • Mitigating negative impacts of computing: programmer bias, algorithmic bias, privacy infringement, and digital divide
    • Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA): protects copyrighted material online and provides safe harbor for web hosts and ISPs
    • Intellectual property: creative works or inventions that can be patented, copyrighted, or trademarked
    • Plagiarism: taking someone else's work or ideas without proper citation
    • Creative Commons: non-profit organization promoting open sharing and collaboration of creative works
    • Open Source: materials and software allowing others to build upon and adapt
    • Open Access: providing free online access to informational materials and research for the greater good### History of Cryptography
    • During World War II, the German army used the Enigma machine to encrypt messages to their generals.
    • The Polish Cipher Bureau broke the code, allowing Allied code breakers to decrypt the German messages and predict the German army's movements.

    Modern Cryptography

    • Cryptography is the science of storing data securely in the digital age.
    • Four important categories must be maintained when storing information virtually: confidentiality, authenticity, integrity, and ownership.
    • Cryptography uses concepts like encryption and decryption to store data securely.

    Encryption Explained

    • Encryption is the process of changing a message or information to hide its true meaning.
    • Plaintext (original message) is turned into ciphertext (encrypted text) for security.
    • An encrypted message requires a key to be decrypted.
    • Certificate authorities issue digital certificates that validate the ownership of encryption keys used in secure communications.

    Decryption Explained

    • Decryption takes the encrypted message and converts it back to the original plaintext.
    • The key is needed to decrypt the message.

    Encoding and Decoding

    • Encoding refers to the algorithm that changes plaintext into ciphertext.
    • Decoding algorithms are used to convert ciphertext back into plaintext.
    • Encoding and decoding algorithms are consistent and public information.
    • Encryption keys are needed to secure the encoded data.

    Symmetric Key Encryption

    • Symmetric key encryption uses one key for both encryption and decryption.
    • Advantages: fast and efficient for secure data storage.
    • Disadvantages: trust issues and key security can be a challenge since the key can exist with multiple parties or companies.

    Public Key Encryption

    • Public key encryption uses different keys for encryption and decryption.
    • A public key is used to encrypt a message, and a private key is used to decrypt it.
    • Example: Bob sends a message to Alice, encrypting it with her public key, and she decrypts it with her private key.

    Why is Encryption Necessary?

    • Encryption is necessary to protect sensitive information from unauthorized access.
    • Examples: ATM transactions, military communications, and website data storage.

    Encryption Methods

    • Transposition Encryption: changes the position of letters in a message.
    • Substitution Encryption: replaces letters in a message with new letters, characters, or numbers (cipher text).
    • Examples of Substitution Encryption: T9 Texting and Caesar Cipher.

    Substitution Methods

    • T9 Texting: uses numbers associated with letters on a telephone keypad to write words.
    • Caesar Cipher: a simple encryption method that shifts letters in the plaintext by a certain number of positions.
    • Caesar Cipher uses a shift as its key, and the shift determines the letter substitution.

    Caesar Cipher Shift

    • The shift in the Caesar Cipher determines the letter substitution.
    • Example: if the shift is 3, A is substituted for D, B for E, and so on.
    • If the shift is 5, F would correspond to A, G to B, and so on through the alphabet.

    Protecting Personally Identifiable Information (PII)

    • PII can be collected through devices, websites, and detection hardware and software that track movements and location.
    • Safeguarding PII is a key responsibility of citizenship in a digital world.

    Authentication Measures

    • One-step authentication measures use email and password to secure information.
    • Strong passwords should be:
      • At least 8-12 characters long
      • Include capitalized letters
      • Include lowercase letters
      • Include numbers
      • Include symbols
      • Avoid personal identifiable information (e.g. birthday or name)
      • Not be words found in a dictionary
    • Multi-factor authentication provides more than one layer of security, using a minimum of two steps to access a virtual space.
    • Examples of multi-factor authentication include:
      • Choosing and identifying a security image
      • reCAPTCHA identification
      • Identifying pictures with a common image in them
      • Answering security questions

    Disadvantages of Accessible PII

    • Negative consequences of accessible PII include:
      • Credit card information getting into the wrong hands
      • Web browsers tracking search history and preferences
      • Location information being collected
      • Information being used to stalk or steal identities

    Protecting PII

    • All systems have flaws, so software is needed to protect against cyber attacks.
    • Recommendations for protection software include:
      • Kaspersky Anti-Virus
      • AVG Anti-Virus
      • Norton 360 Deluxe Malware Protection
      • ESET Cybersecurity
    • Limit permission settings when allowing websites access to personal information.
    • Password managers can generate complex, random passwords for online accounts.

    Cybersecurity Awareness

    • Be aware of where your digital footprint is to keep data secure.
    • Cyber attacks include dictionary attacks, brute force attacks, and more.
    • Hackers can be categorized as:
      • White hat hackers (ethical hackers who test systems and protect against attacks)
      • Black hat hackers (criminals who use their skills for personal gain)
      • Grey hat hackers (individuals with a combination of white and black hat ethics)

    Types of Attacks

    • Malware refers to malicious software, including viruses, worms, spyware, and ransomware.
    • Viruses are specialized computer programs that replicate and insert their code into a new host.
    • Phishing is a type of cyber attack that uses disguised emails to trick recipients into providing personal information.
    • Keylogging attacks use software or hardware to track keystrokes and gain access to usernames, passwords, and other information.

    Public Network Insecurities

    • Public networks are especially dangerous to cybersecurity because data can be easily accessed by hackers.
    • Rogue access points can be created by hackers to steal personal information.

    Digital Files

    • Digital files have benefits, including:
      • Time-saving in editing and transferring files
      • Better efficiency in record-keeping
      • Easier access to files
    • However, digital files also have limitations and risks, including:
      • Security breaches
      • File insecurity
      • Losing or corrupting information

    File Security

    • File security is a feature of the file system that controls access and limits what users can do to files.
    • Effects of file insecurity include losing, overriding, or corrupting information.
    • Steps to ensure file security include:
      • Keeping computers and devices updated
      • Using strong passwords
      • Using anti-virus software
      • Encrypting hard drives and mobile devices
      • Restricting access to files

    Five Pillars of Cybersecurity

    • The five pillars are:
      • Confidentiality (ensuring information is not disclosed to the wrong individuals)
      • Integrity (ensuring information is not damaged or modified during transmission)
      • Availability (ensuring services are accessible to users)
      • Non-repudiation (proving the identities of the sender and recipient)
      • Authentication (confirming identities before allowing access to cyber services)### Password Entropy
    • Formula to calculate password entropy: log2(SL)
    • S: Size of the pool of unique possible symbols
    • L: Password Length
    • Example: 6-character password with 26 possible symbols (all lowercase letters)
      • Possible combinations: 26^6 = 308,915,776
      • Bits of entropy: log2(26^6) = 28.2

    Encryption and Decryption

    • Encryption: process of changing plaintext (original message) to ciphertext (encrypted text) for security
    • Decryption: process of converting ciphertext back to plaintext using a key

    Downfalls of Computing

    • Intentional misuse (cybercrime): using computing to commit crimes, e.g. fraud, hacking, identity theft, malware, phishing, cyberstalking
    • Unintentional negative side effects: programmer bias, algorithmic bias, privacy infringement, inequitable access to technology and the internet

    Cyber Attacks

    • Dictionary attacks: using algorithms to try common words and variations for passwords
    • Brute force attacks: using software to generate many password guesses based on user information
    • Denial of Service (DoS) attacks: overwhelming a network server with traffic to prevent legitimate access
    • Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks: using multiple devices to attack a single target

    Unintended Consequences

    • Programmer bias: unintended consequences due to programmers' own biases and limited testing
    • Algorithmic bias: systematic errors in computer systems that create unfair outcomes
    • Privacy infringement: collection and use of personal data without consent
    • Digital Divide: unequal access to technology and the internet due to infrastructure, geographic barriers, government restrictions, and socioeconomic status

    Solutions to the Digital Divide

    • Increase affordability of internet access and devices
    • Develop more infrastructure for global connectivity
    • Create informational resources for low-cost devices and internet access

    Programmer Responsibilities

    • Code of Ethics: guidelines for programmers to promote accountability and transparency
    • Mitigating negative impacts of computing: programmer bias, algorithmic bias, privacy infringement, and digital divide
    • Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA): protects copyrighted material online and provides safe harbor for web hosts and ISPs
    • Intellectual property: creative works or inventions that can be patented, copyrighted, or trademarked
    • Plagiarism: taking someone else's work or ideas without proper citation
    • Creative Commons: non-profit organization promoting open sharing and collaboration of creative works
    • Open Source: materials and software allowing others to build upon and adapt
    • Open Access: providing free online access to informational materials and research for the greater good### History of Cryptography
    • During World War II, the German army used the Enigma machine to encrypt messages to their generals.
    • The Polish Cipher Bureau broke the code, allowing Allied code breakers to decrypt the German messages and predict the German army's movements.

    Modern Cryptography

    • Cryptography is the science of storing data securely in the digital age.
    • Four important categories must be maintained when storing information virtually: confidentiality, authenticity, integrity, and ownership.
    • Cryptography uses concepts like encryption and decryption to store data securely.

    Encryption Explained

    • Encryption is the process of changing a message or information to hide its true meaning.
    • Plaintext (original message) is turned into ciphertext (encrypted text) for security.
    • An encrypted message requires a key to be decrypted.
    • Certificate authorities issue digital certificates that validate the ownership of encryption keys used in secure communications.

    Decryption Explained

    • Decryption takes the encrypted message and converts it back to the original plaintext.
    • The key is needed to decrypt the message.

    Encoding and Decoding

    • Encoding refers to the algorithm that changes plaintext into ciphertext.
    • Decoding algorithms are used to convert ciphertext back into plaintext.
    • Encoding and decoding algorithms are consistent and public information.
    • Encryption keys are needed to secure the encoded data.

    Symmetric Key Encryption

    • Symmetric key encryption uses one key for both encryption and decryption.
    • Advantages: fast and efficient for secure data storage.
    • Disadvantages: trust issues and key security can be a challenge since the key can exist with multiple parties or companies.

    Public Key Encryption

    • Public key encryption uses different keys for encryption and decryption.
    • A public key is used to encrypt a message, and a private key is used to decrypt it.
    • Example: Bob sends a message to Alice, encrypting it with her public key, and she decrypts it with her private key.

    Why is Encryption Necessary?

    • Encryption is necessary to protect sensitive information from unauthorized access.
    • Examples: ATM transactions, military communications, and website data storage.

    Encryption Methods

    • Transposition Encryption: changes the position of letters in a message.
    • Substitution Encryption: replaces letters in a message with new letters, characters, or numbers (cipher text).
    • Examples of Substitution Encryption: T9 Texting and Caesar Cipher.

    Substitution Methods

    • T9 Texting: uses numbers associated with letters on a telephone keypad to write words.
    • Caesar Cipher: a simple encryption method that shifts letters in the plaintext by a certain number of positions.
    • Caesar Cipher uses a shift as its key, and the shift determines the letter substitution.

    Caesar Cipher Shift

    • The shift in the Caesar Cipher determines the letter substitution.
    • Example: if the shift is 3, A is substituted for D, B for E, and so on.
    • If the shift is 5, F would correspond to A, G to B, and so on through the alphabet.

    Protecting Personally Identifiable Information (PII)

    • PII can be collected through devices, websites, and detection hardware and software that track movements and location.
    • Safeguarding PII is a key responsibility of citizenship in a digital world.

    Authentication Measures

    • One-step authentication measures use email and password to secure information.
    • Strong passwords should be:
      • At least 8-12 characters long
      • Include capitalized letters
      • Include lowercase letters
      • Include numbers
      • Include symbols
      • Avoid personal identifiable information (e.g. birthday or name)
      • Not be words found in a dictionary
    • Multi-factor authentication provides more than one layer of security, using a minimum of two steps to access a virtual space.
    • Examples of multi-factor authentication include:
      • Choosing and identifying a security image
      • reCAPTCHA identification
      • Identifying pictures with a common image in them
      • Answering security questions

    Disadvantages of Accessible PII

    • Negative consequences of accessible PII include:
      • Credit card information getting into the wrong hands
      • Web browsers tracking search history and preferences
      • Location information being collected
      • Information being used to stalk or steal identities

    Protecting PII

    • All systems have flaws, so software is needed to protect against cyber attacks.
    • Recommendations for protection software include:
      • Kaspersky Anti-Virus
      • AVG Anti-Virus
      • Norton 360 Deluxe Malware Protection
      • ESET Cybersecurity
    • Limit permission settings when allowing websites access to personal information.
    • Password managers can generate complex, random passwords for online accounts.

    Cybersecurity Awareness

    • Be aware of where your digital footprint is to keep data secure.
    • Cyber attacks include dictionary attacks, brute force attacks, and more.
    • Hackers can be categorized as:
      • White hat hackers (ethical hackers who test systems and protect against attacks)
      • Black hat hackers (criminals who use their skills for personal gain)
      • Grey hat hackers (individuals with a combination of white and black hat ethics)

    Types of Attacks

    • Malware refers to malicious software, including viruses, worms, spyware, and ransomware.
    • Viruses are specialized computer programs that replicate and insert their code into a new host.
    • Phishing is a type of cyber attack that uses disguised emails to trick recipients into providing personal information.
    • Keylogging attacks use software or hardware to track keystrokes and gain access to usernames, passwords, and other information.

    Public Network Insecurities

    • Public networks are especially dangerous to cybersecurity because data can be easily accessed by hackers.
    • Rogue access points can be created by hackers to steal personal information.

    Digital Files

    • Digital files have benefits, including:
      • Time-saving in editing and transferring files
      • Better efficiency in record-keeping
      • Easier access to files
    • However, digital files also have limitations and risks, including:
      • Security breaches
      • File insecurity
      • Losing or corrupting information

    File Security

    • File security is a feature of the file system that controls access and limits what users can do to files.
    • Effects of file insecurity include losing, overriding, or corrupting information.
    • Steps to ensure file security include:
      • Keeping computers and devices updated
      • Using strong passwords
      • Using anti-virus software
      • Encrypting hard drives and mobile devices
      • Restricting access to files

    Five Pillars of Cybersecurity

    • The five pillars are:
      • Confidentiality (ensuring information is not disclosed to the wrong individuals)
      • Integrity (ensuring information is not damaged or modified during transmission)
      • Availability (ensuring services are accessible to users)
      • Non-repudiation (proving the identities of the sender and recipient)
      • Authentication (confirming identities before allowing access to cyber services)### Password Entropy
    • Formula to calculate password entropy: log2(SL)
    • S: Size of the pool of unique possible symbols
    • L: Password Length
    • Example: 6-character password with 26 possible symbols (all lowercase letters)
      • Possible combinations: 26^6 = 308,915,776
      • Bits of entropy: log2(26^6) = 28.2

    Encryption and Decryption

    • Encryption: process of changing plaintext (original message) to ciphertext (encrypted text) for security
    • Decryption: process of converting ciphertext back to plaintext using a key

    Downfalls of Computing

    • Intentional misuse (cybercrime): using computing to commit crimes, e.g. fraud, hacking, identity theft, malware, phishing, cyberstalking
    • Unintentional negative side effects: programmer bias, algorithmic bias, privacy infringement, inequitable access to technology and the internet

    Cyber Attacks

    • Dictionary attacks: using algorithms to try common words and variations for passwords
    • Brute force attacks: using software to generate many password guesses based on user information
    • Denial of Service (DoS) attacks: overwhelming a network server with traffic to prevent legitimate access
    • Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks: using multiple devices to attack a single target

    Unintended Consequences

    • Programmer bias: unintended consequences due to programmers' own biases and limited testing
    • Algorithmic bias: systematic errors in computer systems that create unfair outcomes
    • Privacy infringement: collection and use of personal data without consent
    • Digital Divide: unequal access to technology and the internet due to infrastructure, geographic barriers, government restrictions, and socioeconomic status

    Solutions to the Digital Divide

    • Increase affordability of internet access and devices
    • Develop more infrastructure for global connectivity
    • Create informational resources for low-cost devices and internet access

    Programmer Responsibilities

    • Code of Ethics: guidelines for programmers to promote accountability and transparency
    • Mitigating negative impacts of computing: programmer bias, algorithmic bias, privacy infringement, and digital divide
    • Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA): protects copyrighted material online and provides safe harbor for web hosts and ISPs
    • Intellectual property: creative works or inventions that can be patented, copyrighted, or trademarked
    • Plagiarism: taking someone else's work or ideas without proper citation
    • Creative Commons: non-profit organization promoting open sharing and collaboration of creative works
    • Open Source: materials and software allowing others to build upon and adapt
    • Open Access: providing free online access to informational materials and research for the greater good### History of Cryptography
    • During World War II, the German army used the Enigma machine to encrypt messages to their generals.
    • The Polish Cipher Bureau broke the code, allowing Allied code breakers to decrypt the German messages and predict the German army's movements.

    Modern Cryptography

    • Cryptography is the science of storing data securely in the digital age.
    • Four important categories must be maintained when storing information virtually: confidentiality, authenticity, integrity, and ownership.
    • Cryptography uses concepts like encryption and decryption to store data securely.

    Encryption Explained

    • Encryption is the process of changing a message or information to hide its true meaning.
    • Plaintext (original message) is turned into ciphertext (encrypted text) for security.
    • An encrypted message requires a key to be decrypted.
    • Certificate authorities issue digital certificates that validate the ownership of encryption keys used in secure communications.

    Decryption Explained

    • Decryption takes the encrypted message and converts it back to the original plaintext.
    • The key is needed to decrypt the message.

    Encoding and Decoding

    • Encoding refers to the algorithm that changes plaintext into ciphertext.
    • Decoding algorithms are used to convert ciphertext back into plaintext.
    • Encoding and decoding algorithms are consistent and public information.
    • Encryption keys are needed to secure the encoded data.

    Symmetric Key Encryption

    • Symmetric key encryption uses one key for both encryption and decryption.
    • Advantages: fast and efficient for secure data storage.
    • Disadvantages: trust issues and key security can be a challenge since the key can exist with multiple parties or companies.

    Public Key Encryption

    • Public key encryption uses different keys for encryption and decryption.
    • A public key is used to encrypt a message, and a private key is used to decrypt it.
    • Example: Bob sends a message to Alice, encrypting it with her public key, and she decrypts it with her private key.

    Why is Encryption Necessary?

    • Encryption is necessary to protect sensitive information from unauthorized access.
    • Examples: ATM transactions, military communications, and website data storage.

    Encryption Methods

    • Transposition Encryption: changes the position of letters in a message.
    • Substitution Encryption: replaces letters in a message with new letters, characters, or numbers (cipher text).
    • Examples of Substitution Encryption: T9 Texting and Caesar Cipher.

    Substitution Methods

    • T9 Texting: uses numbers associated with letters on a telephone keypad to write words.
    • Caesar Cipher: a simple encryption method that shifts letters in the plaintext by a certain number of positions.
    • Caesar Cipher uses a shift as its key, and the shift determines the letter substitution.

    Caesar Cipher Shift

    • The shift in the Caesar Cipher determines the letter substitution.
    • Example: if the shift is 3, A is substituted for D, B for E, and so on.
    • If the shift is 5, F would correspond to A, G to B, and so on through the alphabet.

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