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Questions and Answers
What is the most common subtype of renal cell carcinoma (RCC)?
What is the most common subtype of renal cell carcinoma (RCC)?
Which imaging modality is most commonly used to diagnose and stage RCC?
Which imaging modality is most commonly used to diagnose and stage RCC?
What is the primary treatment for RCC?
What is the primary treatment for RCC?
What is the significance of the Fuhrman score in RCC?
What is the significance of the Fuhrman score in RCC?
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Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for RCC?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for RCC?
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What is the most frequent type of testicular cancer in adults, and what is its average age of onset?
What is the most frequent type of testicular cancer in adults, and what is its average age of onset?
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Which of the following is NOT a common complication of testicular cancer treatment?
Which of the following is NOT a common complication of testicular cancer treatment?
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Which type of testicular cancer is most commonly found in children and usually has a good prognosis?
Which type of testicular cancer is most commonly found in children and usually has a good prognosis?
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What is the most common route of metastasis for non-seminomatous testicular cancers?
What is the most common route of metastasis for non-seminomatous testicular cancers?
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Which of the following is a characteristic feature of seminomas?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of seminomas?
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What is the primary treatment for stage I seminoma?
What is the primary treatment for stage I seminoma?
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Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the treatment of non-seminomatous testicular cancer?
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the treatment of non-seminomatous testicular cancer?
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What is the initial treatment option for a bulky tumor in a patient with stage II seminoma?
What is the initial treatment option for a bulky tumor in a patient with stage II seminoma?
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Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for penile cancer?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for penile cancer?
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What is the most common presenting symptom of chromophobe carcinoma?
What is the most common presenting symptom of chromophobe carcinoma?
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What is the most common subtype of penile cancer?
What is the most common subtype of penile cancer?
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Which of the following is a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with chromophobe carcinoma?
Which of the following is a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with chromophobe carcinoma?
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What is the gold standard for diagnosing testicular cancer?
What is the gold standard for diagnosing testicular cancer?
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Which of the following is a known etiology of testicular cancer?
Which of the following is a known etiology of testicular cancer?
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What is the most common metastatic site for chromophobe carcinoma?
What is the most common metastatic site for chromophobe carcinoma?
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Which of the following is a marker for all germ cell tumors (GCTs)?
Which of the following is a marker for all germ cell tumors (GCTs)?
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What is the primary treatment for penile carcinoma in situ?
What is the primary treatment for penile carcinoma in situ?
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What is the most common treatment option for T3/T4 penile cancer?
What is the most common treatment option for T3/T4 penile cancer?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of Bowen disease?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Bowen disease?
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Which of the following is a common presentation of chromophobe carcinoma?
Which of the following is a common presentation of chromophobe carcinoma?
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What is the most common metastatic site for testicular cancer?
What is the most common metastatic site for testicular cancer?
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Which of the following is a risk factor for chromophobe carcinoma?
Which of the following is a risk factor for chromophobe carcinoma?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of invasive SCC of the penis?
Which of the following is a characteristic of invasive SCC of the penis?
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What is the primary function of sentinel node biopsy in penile cancer?
What is the primary function of sentinel node biopsy in penile cancer?
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At what PSA level does the likelihood of having prostate cancer fall to 22%?
At what PSA level does the likelihood of having prostate cancer fall to 22%?
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What stage of prostate cancer is characterized by tumor infiltration beyond the prostate capsule?
What stage of prostate cancer is characterized by tumor infiltration beyond the prostate capsule?
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Which of these is NOT a common symptom associated with early transitional zone or locally advanced peripheral prostate cancer?
Which of these is NOT a common symptom associated with early transitional zone or locally advanced peripheral prostate cancer?
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In what stage of prostate cancer is prostatectomy (surgical removal of the prostate) NOT a recommended course of treatment?
In what stage of prostate cancer is prostatectomy (surgical removal of the prostate) NOT a recommended course of treatment?
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Which of the following is a diagnostic tool used for assessing bone metastasis in advanced prostate cancer?
Which of the following is a diagnostic tool used for assessing bone metastasis in advanced prostate cancer?
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What is the rationale behind not recommending prostate cancer screening for all men?
What is the rationale behind not recommending prostate cancer screening for all men?
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Which of the following is a common symptom associated with advanced prostate cancer?
Which of the following is a common symptom associated with advanced prostate cancer?
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Which of the following treatment options is typically considered for advanced prostate cancer with metastasis?
Which of the following treatment options is typically considered for advanced prostate cancer with metastasis?
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Flashcards
Prostate Cancer Epidemiology
Prostate Cancer Epidemiology
Most common cancer in men; affects 10-15% of men over 50.
PSA Testing
PSA Testing
Prostate Specific Antigen; not cancer-specific but used for diagnosis and monitoring.
PSA Normal Levels
PSA Normal Levels
Normal is ≤ 10; 66% of men with levels 4-10 have cancer.
TMN Staging System
TMN Staging System
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Gleason Score
Gleason Score
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Watchful Waiting
Watchful Waiting
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Bone Metastasis Signs
Bone Metastasis Signs
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Treatment Options for T1/T2
Treatment Options for T1/T2
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CT with contrast
CT with contrast
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Risk factors for RCC
Risk factors for RCC
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Fuhrman score
Fuhrman score
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Nephrectomy
Nephrectomy
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Clear cell carcinoma
Clear cell carcinoma
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Germ Cell Tumors
Germ Cell Tumors
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Seminoma
Seminoma
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Non-seminomas
Non-seminomas
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Embryonal Carcinoma
Embryonal Carcinoma
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Yolk Sac Tumor
Yolk Sac Tumor
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Choriocarcinoma
Choriocarcinoma
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Stage I Seminoma Treatment
Stage I Seminoma Treatment
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Complications of Testicular Cancer Treatment
Complications of Testicular Cancer Treatment
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Chromophobe carcinoma
Chromophobe carcinoma
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Painless hematuria
Painless hematuria
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IVC syndrome
IVC syndrome
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Penile carcinoma
Penile carcinoma
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HPV risk factors
HPV risk factors
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Bowen disease
Bowen disease
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Testicular cancer epidemiology
Testicular cancer epidemiology
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Semen analysis
Semen analysis
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USG for testicular cancer
USG for testicular cancer
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LDH in cancer
LDH in cancer
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AFP marker
AFP marker
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B-HCG marker
B-HCG marker
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Testicular dysgenesis syndrome
Testicular dysgenesis syndrome
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Inguinal lymphadenopathy
Inguinal lymphadenopathy
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T1/T2 testicular cancer
T1/T2 testicular cancer
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Study Notes
Prostate Cancer
- Epidemiology: Most common cancer in males; typically diagnosed over 50 years old. Prevalence increases with age.
- Risk Factors & Etiology: Age is primary factor; family history (<50) increases risk 3x. African descent shows increased risk. Prolonged androgen exposure and obesity are also linked to increased risk. Mutations in specific genes (TMPRSS2-ERG fusion gene, GSTP1 hypermethylation, etc.) contribute to development.
- Diagnosis: Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) levels are used for screening and diagnosis. >10 ng/mL PSA suggests higher probability of cancer, whereas 4-10 ng/mL suggests a 22% chance. Digital rectal exam (DRE) is also used. MRI with PIRADS score and transrectal/transperineal ultrasound-guided biopsy are further diagnostic steps. Gleason scores are used to determine histological patterns and prognosis.
- Presentation: Initially often asymptomatic. Can present as localized or advanced peripheral disease marked by urgency or difficulty urinating. Advanced symptoms include bone pain.
- Staging: Categorized as T1 (barely visible/non-palpable), T2 (contained within capsule), T3 (beyond capsule), or T4 (exceeding bladder/rectum). Gleason and TMN stages combined determine final diagnosis.
- Treatment: Early stages (T1/T2) involve watchful waiting, prostatectomy, or radiation therapy. More advanced stages (T3/T4) usually involve radiation therapy, and are often never surgically treated due to location, and likely prognosis. Watchful waiting is a management option for patients with limited life expectancies or comorbid conditions. Hormonal therapy is a possible treatment in advanced cases.
Bladder Cancer
- Epidemiology: More common in males; typically diagnosed between 50-80 y/o.
- Risk Factors & Etiology: Smoking is strongest risk factor. Exposure to chemicals (arylamines, phenacetin), chemotherapy, radiotherapy, chronic UTIs, and neurogenic bladder all increase risk. Schistosomiasis in the bladder is a specific risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).
- Diagnosis: Initial investigation is with an ultrasound with a full bladder. Cystoscopy (visual inspection of bladder lining), tissue biopsy, and various imaging procedures (CT, MRI, PET) for staging.
- Treatment: Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (T1) may employ intravesical chemotherapy (e.g., BCG) or transurethral resection (TURBT). Muscle-invasive cancer (T2) often necessitates cystectomy (removal of the bladder) with an ileal conduit along with potential chemotherapy and/or radiation.
- Presentation: Hematuria (blood in urine) is the most common presenting symptom. Symptoms like dysuria (painful urination), urinary urgency, and bladder irritation might be present.
- Subtypes: Urothelial carcinoma (most common), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC, less common), and adenocarcinoma.
- Progression & Prognosis: Disease recurrence and progression are common. Prognosis varies depending on stage and treatment, with early stage bladder cancer having better outcomes compared to more advanced disease.
Renal Cancer
- Epidemiology: More common in males; often diagnosed in older age groups.
- Risk Factors & Etiology: Smoking and high blood pressure are established risk factors. Obesity, hypertension & a family history of certain hereditary syndromes may also play a role.
- Diagnosis: Urine tests (looking for blood, WBCs etc), Ultrasound, CT with contrast are employed for staging.
- Treatment: Nephrectomy (surgical removal of the kidney) is a potential curative treatment for localized cancer. Alternatives may include ablation or targeted therapy.
- Presentation: Painless hematuria (blood in the urine) is the most frequent presentation. Other symptoms may include flank pain, an abdominal mass, fever, and loss of weight.
- Subtypes: Clear cell carcinoma is most common subtype. Other subtypes include Papillary carcinoma, Chromophobe carcinoma.
- Progression & Prognosis: The prognosis of renal cancer depends on various factors, including stage and grade of the tumor, and the spread of cancer. Disease progression might involve invasion to surrounding tissues and/or metastasizing to other organs.
Penile Cancer
- Epidemiology: Uncommon in Europe; more common in Africa and certain parts of South America.
- Risk Factors & Etiology: Human Papillomavirus (HPV), particularly some high-risk types, is the most significant risk factor. Uncircumcision, chronic phimosis, and lichen sclerosus are also linked.
- Treatment: In situ penile cancer typically involves circumcision or topical treatments. Invasive cancers may need wide local excisions, partial penectomy, or complete penectomy.
- Presentation: Can involve lump, ulcer, sore, etc on the penis. Might involve lymphadenopathy.
- Subtypes: In situ Carcinoma, Bowen disease, Bowenoid Papulosis, Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) – most common.
- Progression & Prognosis: Early stages of the disease have better prognosis. Risk of aggressive spread is high with late-stage cancers
Testicular Cancer
- Epidemiology: Most frequent cancer in young males, (20-35 years old), also exists in older men.
- Risk Factors & Etiology: Cryptorchidism (undescended testes) is the primary risk factor. Other potential factors include Klinefelter syndrome, a family history of testicular cancer, and genetic predisposition.
- Diagnosis: Ultrasound (USG) is the gold standard to assess for the presence of masses; other imaging modalities, and blood tests may be used to aid in diagnosis and staging.
- Treatment: Orchiectomy (surgical removal of the testicle), chemotherapy, radiation therapy are the common treatment options dependent on stage or type of cancer.
- Presentation: May be painless swelling or a lump in the testicle. It can also present as pain, discomfort, or heaviness.
- Subtypes: Germ cell tumors are the most common type, and include seminoma and nonseminoma. Non-seminomas include embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, choriocarcinoma, and teratoma.
- Progression & Prognosis: Testicular cancer is often curable, but survival and prognosis depends on early diagnosis and aggressive treatment tailored to the specific type and stage of cancer.
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Description
Delve into the key aspects of prostate cancer, including its epidemiology, risk factors, and diagnostic methods. This quiz covers age-related prevalence, family history, and the importance of PSA levels and Gleason scores in diagnosis. Test your knowledge on how these factors contribute to the understanding of prostate cancer.
