4.2

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Which motor function of the GI tract is responsible for the grinding and mixing of food with gastric secretions?

Mastication

Segmentation (correct)

Emesis

Peristalsis

Which sphincter is responsible for preventing gastric reflux by closing to keep the contents in the stomach until they are ready to be moved to the small intestine?

Hepatopancreatic sphincter

Anal sphincter

Ileocecal valve

Pyloric sphincter (correct)

What is the main hormonal signal that stimulates the migrating motor complex (MMC) in the small intestine?

Gastrin

Cholecystokinin

Motilin (correct)

Secretin

Which structure regulates the passage of food from the small intestine to the colon and prevents backflow?

Ileocecal valve Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of haustra in the colon?

Absorption of water Signup and view all the answers

Which regulatory mechanism controls the relaxation of the internal anal sphincter during defecation?

Parasympathetic nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the colon related to the absorption of water and electrolytes?

Absorbing water and electrolytes to form solid feces Signup and view all the answers

What are haustrations in the large intestine primarily responsible for?

Mixing and exposing fecal material to the mucosal surface Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex is responsible for stimulating mass movements pushing feces into the rectum?

Gastrocolic reflex from distended stomach Signup and view all the answers

What controls the external anal sphincter, which is a striated voluntary muscle?

Pudendal nerve Signup and view all the answers

What happens to newborns and individuals with transected spinal cords in relation to control of the external anal sphincter?

They lack control of the external sphincter Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to severe constipation according to the text?

Inhibition of natural reflexes Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of churning in the GI tract?

Enhancing nutrient absorption Signup and view all the answers

Which sphincter coordinates with the exocrine secretions of the pancreas and liver?

Sphincter of Oddi Signup and view all the answers

How long does it take for food to travel through the small intestine?

7-10 hours Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the gallbladder in the digestive process?

Delivering stored bile to the intestine Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the GI tract is responsible for significant absorption of nutrients?

Small intestine Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of propulsion in the GI tract?

Caudal movement of food/waste Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of ileocecal and anal sphincters?

Regulate antegrade and retrograde movement as one-way valves Signup and view all the answers

How do proximal stimuli affect sphincteric muscles?

Induce relaxation Signup and view all the answers

Why is chewing (mastication) important in the digestive process?

To break down cellulose membranes Signup and view all the answers

What physiological response does a food bolus in the mouth trigger during chewing?

Stretch reflex and rebound contraction in the jaw Signup and view all the answers

How many times is a food bolus typically chewed before passing through the esophagus without pain?

$10$ x Signup and view all the answers

What happens as food moves through the pharynx and upper esophagus during swallowing?

The epiglottis covers the trachea entrance Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of failure of the Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES) to relax in patients with Achalasia?

Smooth muscle motility failure Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is responsible for causing relaxation in the Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES)?

Nitric Oxide (NO) and VIP Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Cricopharyngeus muscle play during the pharyngeal stage of deglutition?

It relaxes to allow food to enter the esophagus Signup and view all the answers

Which condition poses a main risk for adenocarcinoma of the lower esophagus?

Barrett's esophagitis Signup and view all the answers

In what way does Metoclopramide influence the Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES)?

Increases LES tone Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Barrier Pressure in preventing gastroesophageal reflux?

To maintain a positive gradient between LES pressure and Intragastric pressure Signup and view all the answers

4.2

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