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Questions and Answers
What property of water allows insects to walk on its surface?
Which of the following is a measure of the difficulty to break the liquid surface?
What property of water allows it to absorb and release a large amount of heat with only a small change in its own temperature?
What is the process by which a substance transforms from a liquid to a gas?
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What property of water allows it to flow freely without its molecules separating?
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What property of water helps stabilize temperatures in organisms and bodies of water?
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What is the main difference between carbohydrates and lipids?
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Which of the following is a monosaccharide?
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What type of fatty acids are solid at room temperature?
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Which lipid type is a major component of cell membranes?
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What is the main function of starch in plants?
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Which lipid type is characterized as hydrophobic?
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What is the primary function of fats in the human body?
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Where do humans and other mammals store their fat?
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What are the two main components of a phospholipid?
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What is the main structural characteristic of steroids?
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What is the function of proteins in the body?
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What can cause a protein to lose its structure and function?
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Which of the following statements about bases is correct?
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What is the pH range for acidic solutions?
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What is the primary function of buffers in living cells?
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Which of the following statements about carbon is incorrect?
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What is the primary function of functional groups in organic molecules?
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Which of the following statements about ocean acidification is correct?
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What property of water allows ice to float on liquid water?
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At what temperature does water reach its maximum density?
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What property of water makes it a versatile solvent?
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What is the term for the sphere of water molecules that surrounds an ion when an ionic compound dissolves in water?
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What type of substance releases hydrogen ions (H+) when placed in water?
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What would happen if ice sank in water instead of floating?
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Study Notes
Properties of Water
- Water has a unique ability to stick together due to hydrogen bonds, which allows it to flow freely without molecules separating.
- Adhesion is the attraction between different substances, such as water droplets sticking to a window after rain.
- Surface tension is a measure of the difficulty to break the liquid surface, and it's related to cohesion, allowing insects to walk on the surface of water.
- Water has a greater surface tension than other liquids.
Ability to Moderate Temperature
- Water absorbs heat from warmer air and releases stored heat to cooler air, which helps to minimize temperature fluctuations on earth's surface.
- Water can absorb and release a large amount of heat with only a small change in its own temperature, due to its high specific heat capacity.
- This property helps to protect organisms from rapid temperature changes and maintain homeostatic temperature.
Evaporative Cooling
- Evaporative cooling is the transformation of a substance from liquid to gas, which cools the remaining surface.
- This phenomenon helps to stabilize temperatures in organisms and bodies of water, such as when animals sweat, evaporation of sweat removes body heat, and then cools the animal.
Expansion Upon Freezing
- Water expands upon freezing, which is unusual compared to other substances.
Macromolecules
- Macromolecules are large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms.
- Polymers are long molecules made up of many similar building blocks (monomers).
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates include sugars and polymers of sugars.
- They can be monomers, dimers, or polymers.
- Simplest carbohydrate: monosaccharide (single sugar).
- Carbohydrate macromolecule: polysaccharide.
- Examples of monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, ribose.
- Examples of disaccharides: sucrose, maltose, lactose.
- Examples of polysaccharides: starch, cellulose, glycogen.
- Starch: storage polysaccharide in plants.
- Glycogen: storage polysaccharide in animals and stored in liver and muscles.
- Cellulose: major component of plant cell walls.
- Chitin: modified cellulose structure found in exoskeletons of spiders, fish scales, and fungi cell walls.
Lipids
- Lipids are large biological molecules that don't form polymers.
- They are hydrophobic (water-hating).
- Examples of lipids: fats, phospholipids, steroids.
- Fats: energy storage molecules.
- Phospholipids: major components of cell membranes.
- Steroids: characterized by 4 carbon rings attached to a hydrocarbon chain.
Proteins
- Proteins have various functions: structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, and defense against foreign substances.
- They are made up of monomers called amino acids.
- Each amino acid has a central carbon atom, hydrogen atom, amino group, carboxyl group, and R group.
- Peptides are amino acid monomers joined together by peptide bonds.
- Protein structure and function:
- Functional protein: contains one or more polypeptides that are twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique shape.
- Sequence of amino acids determines a protein's 3D structure.
- Protein's structural conformation determines its function.
Acid-Base Regulation
- Acids and bases affect the concentration of H+ and OH- ions in a solution.
- pH scale: 0 to 14, with pH 7 being neutral.
- pH < 7 is acidic, and pH > 7 is basic.
- Buffers are substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- ions in solutions.
- Changes in H+ and OH- ions can affect the chemistry of the cell.
Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
- Carbon is the central element of life.
- Carbon can form 4 chemical bonds with other elements simultaneously.
- Carbon has 4 valence electrons (tetravalent).
- Carbon attaches to other carbons to form hydrocarbons.
- Organic molecules have carbon skeleton chains.
Functional Groups
- Functional groups are chemical groups that affect molecular function by directly being involved in chemical reactions.
- Examples of functional groups: hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, and phosphate groups.
- Molecules with the same functional group will undergo the same chemical reactions, regardless of their length or size.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the properties of water including cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension. Learn about how hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together, the ability of water to flow freely due to cohesion, and the attraction between different substances known as adhesion.
