Properties of Matter and Minerals Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following properties describes the ability of a substance to react quickly with oxygen to produce heat and light?

  • Viscosity
  • Combustibility (correct)
  • Density
  • Conductivity

Which property describes how thick a liquid is and how easily it flows?

  • Viscosity (correct)
  • Solubility
  • Density
  • Conductivity

What is the definition of density?

  • The amount of mass packed into a certain volume. (correct)
  • The ability of a substance to react quickly with oxygen to produce heat and light.
  • The ability of a substance to allow heat or electricity to pass through it.
  • The ability of a substance to dissolve in a liquid.

Which property describes the ability of a substance to allow heat or electricity to pass through it?

<p>Conductivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a chemical property of matter?

<p>The ability of a substance to burn (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of cohesion?

<p>The ability of water molecules to stick together. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a mineral?

<p>It can be synthetically created in a laboratory. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property can be used to identify a mineral by rubbing the mineral across a streak plate?

<p>Streak (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the scale used to measure the hardness of a mineral?

<p>Mohs scale (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a way to describe the luster of a mineral?

<p>Silvery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property of a substance is measured in grams per milliliter (g/mL)?

<p>Density (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the independent variable in the Rogooti Hair Cream experiment?

<p>Rogooti Hair Cream (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a suitable control variable for the Rogooti Hair Cream experiment?

<p>The type of shampoo used (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the charge of an electron?

<p>Negative (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a suitable unit for measuring the dependent variable in the Rogooti Hair Cream experiment?

<p>Centimeters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model of the atom proposed that electrons were embedded in a positively charged sphere?

<p>Thomson's Model (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the control group in the Rogooti Hair Cream experiment?

<p>To provide a baseline for comparison (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the second shell of an atom?

<p>8 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible hypothesis for the Rogooti Hair Cream experiment?

<p>Rogooti Hair Cream will increase hair growth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of repeating the experiment multiple times?

<p>To make sure that the results are accurate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a subatomic particle?

<p>Atom (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the central part of an atom?

<p>Nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to keep the amount of cream used constant in the experiment?

<p>To ensure that the results are not biased by the amount of cream used (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible technique for measuring the hair growth in the experiment?

<p>Using a ruler to measure the length of the hair (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist proposed the idea that electrons exist in orbits around the nucleus?

<p>Bohr (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to use the same method of measurement for all participants in the experiment?

<p>To ensure that the results are accurate and reliable (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the atomic number of an element?

<p>The number of protons or electrons in an atom (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a stopwatch in the experiment?

<p>To time how long it takes for the participants' hair to grow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mass number of an atom of an element?

<p>The number of protons and neutrons in an atom (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct electronic configuration for an atom of nitrogen (N)?

<p>2, 5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to control the starting length of the hair in the experiment?

<p>To ensure that the results are not biased by the initial length of the hair (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible reason why the experiment might need to be modified?

<p>The participants are not using the cream correctly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was Dalton's model of the atom considered incorrect?

<p>It did not explain the electrical nature of matter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a control variable and an independent variable?

<p>A control variable is kept constant, while an independent variable is changed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why would an experiment be designed to control for factors such as age, gender, and hair washing routine?

<p>To ensure that the results are not biased. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the independent variable in the experiment involving Ann Ventura's tomato plants?

<p>The type of plant food given (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible control variable in the experiment involving Ann Ventura's tomato plants?

<p>The amount of water given to the plants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely hypothesis that Ann Ventura is testing in her experiment?

<p>Tomato plants will grow best when given plant food A. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the control group in Ann Ventura's experiment?

<p>To provide a baseline for comparison (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average height of the tomato plants that received no plant food?

<p>15.3 cm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of graph would be most appropriate for displaying the data collected by Ann Ventura?

<p>Bar graph (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is supported by the data collected by Ann Ventura?

<p>Plant food A had a positive impact on the growth of the tomato plants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If Ann Ventura wanted to improve her experiment, what could she do?

<p>Increase the number of plants in each group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for Ann Ventura to keep all other factors constant in her experiment, except for the type of plant food?

<p>To ensure that only the type of plant food is affecting the growth of the tomato plants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the “line of best fit” on a graph?

<p>To predict the value of the dependent variable for a given value of the independent variable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between an independent variable and a dependent variable?

<p>The independent variable is the factor that is changed, while the dependent variable is the factor that is measured. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?

<p>To provide a baseline for comparison (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best way to summarize the results of Ann Ventura's experiment?

<p>Create a graph showing the average height of each group of tomato plants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely reason why the tomato plants that received no plant food did not grow as well as the other plants?

<p>They did not receive enough nutrients (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main conclusion that can be drawn from Ann Ventura's experiment?

<p>Plant food can have a significant impact on the growth of tomato plants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What safety precaution MUST be taken when performing an experiment in the lab?

<p>Wear safety goggles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should you do if you accidentally spill a chemical on your skin?

<p>Rinse it with running water for the time specified by the teacher (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the appropriate action to take if a chemical is splashed in your eye?

<p>Immediately use the eye wash station (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct way to pull an electrical cord from a socket?

<p>Pull the plug from the socket (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the "WAFTING technique" in the context of lab safety?

<p>Fanning a small amount of chemical vapor towards your nose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT allowed in the lab?

<p>Conducting unauthorized experiments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to keep the work area clean and free from clutter during experiments?

<p>It prevents accidents and spills (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best action to take if you observe a classmate engaging in horseplay in the lab?

<p>Tell your teacher immediately (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence to follow if you catch fire?

<p>STOP, DROP AND ROLL (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions is NOT recommended when handling chemicals?

<p>Allow chemicals to come into contact with skin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should you do before you leave a lab activity?

<p>Clean all glassware and materials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which WHMIS symbol would likely be found on a container of explosive materials?

<p>Explosive (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should you NOT use improper handling of glassware during a lab?

<p>Use chipped glassware (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important not to immerse hot glassware in cold water?

<p>It may shatter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key safety feature that should be included when building an electrical circuit?

<p>A switch to control the power source (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should you do if broken glass is found in the lab?

<p>Notify the teacher for proper disposal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential risk does a mechanic face when working on a car?

<p>Chemical exposure (B), Fire hazards (C), Electrical shocks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What personal protective equipment should a hairdresser use when handling chemicals?

<p>Protective gloves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is an appropriate method for disposing of chemicals in the lab?

<p>Follow the teacher's disposal instructions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about wearing safety goggles in a lab environment is true?

<p>They should be worn whenever in the lab, regardless of activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should you do first if a chemical comes into contact with your skin?

<p>Wash the affected area with soap and water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a controlled variable in Ann's plant growth experiment?

<p>Type of soil (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the average growth measurement of the plants that received Type A food?

<p>20.7 cm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plant food resulted in the least growth overall?

<p>No food (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How could Ann improve her experiment based on her findings?

<p>Increase the number of trials conducted (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of controlled variables in an experiment?

<p>To ensure only one variable is tested at a time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions is classified as a mistake and not a source of error?

<p>Incorrectly measuring plant height (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic did Type A plant food have that contributed to its effectiveness?

<p>Balanced nutrient composition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about experimental errors is true?

<p>They arise from factors beyond the researcher's control (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What element does NOT relate to the definitions of physical properties of matter?

<p>Measurement through chemical reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of error could most likely be reduced by repeating an experiment with more trials?

<p>Sources of experimental error (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct implication of experimental sources of error?

<p>They occur due to consistent variations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does one identify a physical property of matter?

<p>By observing its state without alteration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the role of nutrients in plant growth as outlined in the experiment?

<p>They enhance natural growth processes through photosynthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a hypothesis in scientific research?

<p>To provide a possible explanation or prediction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a hypothesis, which part represents the independent variable?

<p>The condition that is changed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a correct example of how to word a hypothesis?

<p>If the temperature of the water is increased, then the dye will spread faster because of molecular movement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes control variables in an experiment?

<p>Variables that remain constant throughout the experiment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best illustrates an independent variable?

<p>The temperature of the water being heated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential dependent variable when studying the effect of sugar on cavities?

<p>The number of cavities in a child's teeth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should a hypothesis be based on scientific research?

<p>To provide justification for predictions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a hypothesis be structured?

<p>Through a cause-effect relationship format. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following questions best represents a scientific problem?

<p>How does temperature affect chemical reactions? (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of an experiment does the dependent variable represent?

<p>The observation being recorded. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is essential in ensuring a fair test in experiments?

<p>Keeping control variables constant. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains the relationship between independent and dependent variables?

<p>The independent variable is manipulated to observe changes in the dependent variable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When creating a hypothesis about diet and health, which is most important?

<p>Establishing a clear cause-effect link. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding the process of scientific inquiry?

<p>It encourages multiple hypotheses for various outcomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What allows steel ships to float despite steel's higher density compared to water?

<p>The overall density of the ship, including air inside, is less than that of water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do submarines adjust their depth?

<p>By altering their density through ballast tanks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process did Archimedes use to determine if a crown was pure gold?

<p>Calculating its density by measuring mass and volume. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When determining the density of an unknown solid, how is the volume calculated?

<p>By measuring the initial and final volumes of water displaced. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following materials has the highest density?

<p>Gold (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a solid is made of different metals and shows two phases, how should it be classified?

<p>A heterogeneous mixture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about particle theory is correct?

<p>Particles are attracted to each other in all states of matter. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the speed of particles in a liquid when heat is added?

<p>The speed of particles increases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can be classified as a mechanical mixture?

<p>Sand and salt mixture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason alcohol evaporates faster than water on skin?

<p>Alcohol particles do not attract each other as strongly as water particles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which change of state is heat added?

<p>Melting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option exemplifies a solution?

<p>Air (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a balloon placed over a flask when the air inside is heated?

<p>The balloon expands as air particles speed up. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a pure substance?

<p>It contains only one type of particle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the dependent variable in the experiment assessing the impact of television on students' grades?

<p>The grades students received on the test (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the skateboard experiment, what variable is manipulated?

<p>The surface the skateboard is rolling on (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a controlled variable in the scenario involving the special juice and worker productivity?

<p>The special juice itself (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the experiment where Homer tests coconut juice on slime, what is the control group?

<p>The side of the shower sprayed with water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the independent variable in Bart's experiment with microwaved mice?

<p>The exposure to microwaves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the itching powder experiment, which subject is considered the experimental group?

<p>The subject who received the experimental itching powder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a controlled variable in Lisa's hair growth experiment?

<p>The method of measuring hair growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'control group' refer to in an experiment?

<p>The group subjected to no treatment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the dependent variable in the skateboard experiment testing friction?

<p>The distance the skateboard travels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Scenario 1, which group was more productive based on the results gathered?

<p>Group B, who received no juice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could Bart do to improve the reliability of his experiment?

<p>Increase the group size of mice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an independent variable in Homer’s coconut juice experiment?

<p>The use of coconut juice vs water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the dependent variable in Krusty's itching powder test?

<p>The duration of itchiness reported (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What measurement was used to assess student performance in the television viewing experiment?

<p>The grades received on the test (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a graduated cylinder?

<p>Measuring liquid volumes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tool is primarily used to transfer small amounts of liquid?

<p>Pipette / Eye Dropper (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What material is a wire mesh primarily used for?

<p>Supporting glassware during heating (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is used to prevent substances from escaping during experiments?

<p>Rubber Stopper (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does a ring clamp serve in a laboratory setting?

<p>Supporting other apparatus on a stand (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of Bunsen burners in the lab?

<p>Heating substances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic differentiates a test tube from a beaker?

<p>Test tubes have a closed end. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to conduct research before forming a hypothesis?

<p>To ensure reliable results and guide reasoning. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes academic dishonesty?

<p>Copying information without proper referencing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a test tube brush?

<p>Cleaning test tubes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a spot plate typically feature for its function?

<p>Dimples for holding samples (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main risks of using unreliable sources in research?

<p>Providing outdated information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory tool is designed to protect hands while handling hot items?

<p>Beaker Tongs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of an observation table in scientific experiments?

<p>To organize and record observations systematically (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of qualitative observations?

<p>Expresses measurements in numbers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'malleability' refer to in the context of qualitative observations?

<p>The ability to change shape without breaking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should the height and time data be plotted on the graph for the bean plant growth experiment?

<p>Time on the y-axis and height on the x-axis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a properly structured observation table, where is the independent variable located?

<p>In the first column of the table (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'viscosity' in qualitative observations?

<p>The ability of a liquid to pour (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done before weighing an object on an electronic balance?

<p>Press the TARE button to set it to zero (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When measuring the volume of a liquid in a graduated cylinder, where should the measurement be taken?

<p>From the bottom of the liquid meniscus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the sensory characteristic describing whether a substance can be seen through?

<p>Clarity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of recording the average temperature in an observation table?

<p>To summarize multiple trials for better understanding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of graph is most appropriate when plotting the relationship between two quantitative variables?

<p>Line graph (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an object is described as having a 'dull' luster, how does it reflect light?

<p>It reflects light poorly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'solubility' indicate in a qualitative observation?

<p>The ability to dissolve in a liquid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following measurements would be considered a quantitative observation?

<p>The temperature is 22°C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following physical properties was NOT used to identify the solids in the experiment?

<p>Melting point (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which solid was most easily identified based solely on its physical properties?

<p>Sodium nitrate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two solids were most difficult to differentiate based on their properties?

<p>Chalk and Baking soda (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a chemical property of a substance?

<p>Solubility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which solid produced gas when hydrochloric acid was added to it?

<p>Chalk (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A substance has a density of 2.5 g/cm3. If you have a 10 cm3 sample of this substance, what is its mass?

<p>25 g (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is most likely to float on water?

<p>Wood (density = 0.5 g/cm3) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A cube with sides of 4 cm each has a mass of 128 g. What is the density of the cube?

<p>2 g/cm3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

You have a beaker with 50 mL of water in it. You add 100 g of iron pellets, and the volume of water rises to 65 mL. What is the density of iron?

<p>7.69 g/cm3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A piece of aluminum has a density of 2.7 g/cm3. If you have a 50 g piece of aluminum, what is its volume?

<p>18.52 cm3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A sample of sugar has a mass of 20 g and a volume of 10 cm3. What is the density of the sugar?

<p>2 g/cm3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about density is FALSE?

<p>Denser objects will always sink in water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of how density is important in everyday life?

<p>Using a thermometer to measure temperature. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A block of wood with a volume of 100 cm3 has a mass of 50 g. What is the density of the wood?

<p>0.5 g/cm3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you have a 100 mL sample of a liquid with a density of 1.2 g/mL, what is the mass of the liquid?

<p>120 g (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs of substances would be most difficult to distinguish based on density alone?

<p>Iron and steel (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

No Horsing Around

Horsing around or acting playfully in the lab can be very dangerous. Treat the lab with respect and focus on your work to ensure everyone's safety.

Read Instructions First

Always read the instructions for an experiment thoroughly before you start working. This helps you know what to expect and how to stay safe.

No Eating or Drinking

Never eat, drink, or chew gum in the lab. This is because chemicals may be present and could be dangerous or contaminate your food.

Wafting Technique

If you need to smell a chemical, use the wafting technique. Gently wave your hand over the container to bring the scent towards you. This prevents you from inhaling too much.

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Wear Safety Goggles

Always wear safety goggles during any experiment. This protects your eyes from splashes or projectiles.

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Proper Lab Attire

Tie back long hair, secure loose clothing, and remove dangling jewelry. This prevents them from getting caught in equipment or causing accidents.

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Report Accidents

Report any accident or injury to the teacher immediately, no matter how small. This allows for prompt treatment and prevents further complications.

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Chemical Spills on Skin

In case of chemical spills on the skin, immediately rinse the affected area with running water for the duration suggested by your teacher.

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Fire Safety Protocol

In case of fire, immediately inform a staff member and remember the acronym "STOP, DROP, AND ROLL" if you're on fire.

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Lab Clean-up Procedure

After finishing a lab activity, clean all glassware and materials, return everything to its designated location, wipe down the lab benches, and dispose of chemicals as instructed.

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Chemical Handling Safety

All chemicals in the lab must be handled cautiously, avoiding contact with skin and eyes. Always double-check the labels and only take what you need.

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Explosive WHMIS Symbol

A symbol that indicates a chemical's potential for explosion.

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Poisonous WHMIS Symbol

A symbol that indicates a chemical is poisonous.

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Flammable WHMIS Symbol

A symbol that indicates a chemical is flammable and can easily catch fire.

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Health Hazard WHMIS Symbol

A symbol that indicates a chemical poses a health hazard.

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Oxidizer WHMIS Symbol

A symbol that indicates a chemical is an oxidizer and can accelerate combustion.

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Harmful/Irritant WHMIS Symbol

A symbol that indicates a chemical is harmful or irritating.

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Compressed Gas WHMIS Symbol

A symbol that indicates a chemical is a compressed gas under pressure.

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Harmful to the Environment WHMIS Symbol

A symbol that indicates a chemical is harmful to the environment.

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Corrosive WHMIS Symbol

A symbol that indicates a chemical is corrosive and can eat away at materials.

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Biohazardous WHMIS Symbol

A symbol that indicates a chemical is a biological hazard.

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Handling Glassware Safety

Cracked or chipped glassware must be reported to the teacher for safe disposal. A designated glass disposal container is available.

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Heating Glassware Safety

Never leave a heat source unattended. Remember, hot glass does not look hot. Handle recently heated glassware with tongs and avoid immersing it in cold water to prevent shattering.

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Electrical Circuit Safety

When building an electrical circuit, include a switch for controlling the power source and a load to prevent a short circuit. Never leave circuits unattended and have your teacher check the circuit before turning it on.

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Hypothesis

A proposed explanation for an observed cause-effect relationship. Should be based on scientific research and often worded "If...then...because" or "As...then...because".

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Independent Variable (IV)

The variable that the experimenter deliberately changes in an experiment. It's the "cause" in a cause-effect relationship.

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Dependent Variable (DV)

The variable that the experimenter measures in an experiment. It's the "effect" in a cause-effect relationship.

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Control Variables (CV)

Variables that are kept constant throughout an experiment to ensure a fair test. They could change but are not allowed to in order to isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.

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Correlation Studies

Experiments that examine the relationship between two variables. They aim to see if there's a correlation (connection) between the independent variable and the dependent variable.

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Identifying Variables

The process of identifying the independent, dependent, and control variables in an experiment. It helps in setting up a fair and well-designed experiment.

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Gather Information

A step in the scientific method where you gather information about a topic. It involves collecting background knowledge and relevant research.

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Ask a Question

A step in the scientific method, where you ask a question about a phenomenon that you want to investigate. It should be a focused and specific question.

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Experimental Design

A step in the scientific method, where you design the experiment to test your hypothesis. It involves planning how you'll manipulate the independent variable, measure the dependent variable, and control other variables.

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Formulate a Hypothesis

The process of developing a hypothesis based on observations or existing knowledge. It involves making an educated guess about the cause-effect relationship you want to investigate.

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The Scientific Method

A systematic approach to finding answers to questions that ensures the results are reliable, repeatable, and minimize errors.

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Question

The specific question the scientist wants to investigate. It should be clear, focused, and testable.

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Research

Gathering information from various sources (research articles, books, databases, websites) to support your hypothesis and provide background knowledge.

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Experiment

A process that involves collecting data to test your hypothesis. It should be designed to provide helpful information to support or disprove your hypothesis.

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Analyze Data

Analyzing the data you collected during the experiment - looking for patterns, trends, and relationships.

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Conclusion

Interpreting the results of your data analysis. You'll consider whether your hypothesis was supported or refuted and explain why.

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Communication

Sharing your findings with others through reports, presentations, or publications. This allows others to learn from your work and potentially build upon it.

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References

A document that lists all the resources you used during your research. These resources must be properly cited to avoid plagiarism.

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Controlled Variable (CV)

A factor that is kept the same throughout an experiment to ensure that the results are due to the independent variable, not other factors.

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Control Group

The group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment or experimental condition. It serves as a baseline for comparison.

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Plagiarism

A type of plagiarism that occurs when you take someone else's ideas or words and use them as your own without proper attribution.

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Academic Dishonesty Registry

An official record that keeps track of instances of plagiarism or cheating within a school.

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Experimental Group

The group in an experiment that receives the treatment or experimental condition.

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Scientific Experiment

The process of conducting an experiment to test a hypothesis, using a control group, experimental group, and carefully controlled variables.

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American Psychological Association (APA) Format

A widely used style guide for formatting scientific papers, including the use of citations and references.

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Test Tube

A glass tube closed at one end, used for holding small amounts of chemicals or culturing microorganisms.

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Watch Glass

A flat, round glass disk used as a lid for a petri dish or for evaporating liquids.

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Identifying Variables in an Experiment

In an experiment, if the independent variable is the type of juice given to workers, the dependent variable would be the productivity of those workers.

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Graduated Cylinder

A glass cylinder with markings, used for measuring the volume of liquids.

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Experimental Group Example

Group A (Special Juice) in the worker productivity experiment. This group received the treatment (special juice).

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Scoopula

A metal tool with a scoop at the end, used for transferring solid chemicals from containers.

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Control Group Example

Group B (No Special Juice) in the worker productivity experiment. This group served as a baseline for comparison, not receiving the treatment.

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Independent Variable Example

The 'special juice' in the worker productivity experiment. It's the factor being manipulated to see its effect on worker productivity.

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Dependent Variable Example

Worker productivity (measured by stacks of paper) in the worker productivity experiment. It's the outcome being measured.

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Independent Variable Example 2

The 'coconut juice' in the shower slime experiment. It's the factor being manipulated to see its effect on the slime.

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Dependent Variable Example 2

The 'amount of slime' in the shower slime experiment. It's the outcome being measured.

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Units of Time

Seconds, minutes, and hours are units of time measurement.

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Force

Force is a push or pull that can change an object's motion.

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Newtons

Newtons are the units used to measure force.

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Surface Area

Surface area refers to the total area of an object's outer surface.

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Square Meters (m2)

Square meters are a unit of measurement for surface area.

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Degrees (°)

Degrees are units used to measure angles.

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Speed

Speed represents the rate at which an object changes its position over time.

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Acceleration

Acceleration is the rate at which an object's speed changes.

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Qualitative Observations

Qualitative observations use your senses to describe something.

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State of Matter

Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter.

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Colour

Colour refers to the visual appearance of an object.

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Texture

Texture describes how an object feels to the touch.

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Clarity

Clarity refers to how transparent or opaque an object is.

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Shape

Shape refers to the outline or form of an object.

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Luster

Luster describes how an object reflects light.

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Specific Question

A statement describing what the experiment is trying to find out, often framed as a question.

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Fishbone Diagram

An organized diagram used to brainstorm all the variables that could affect the dependent variable in an experiment, helping to identify control variables.

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Data Collection

The process of carefully recording observations and data collected during an experiment.

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Quantitative Data

Data that is expressed in numerical form, like measurements.

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Qualitative Data

Data that is descriptive and based on observations, not numerical measurements.

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Data Representation

A visual representation of data that helps to analyze and communicate findings, like graphs, charts, or tables.

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Data Analysis

The process of interpreting and analyzing data to draw conclusions and determine whether the hypothesis is supported or rejected.

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Solubility

The ability of a substance to dissolve in a liquid.

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Viscosity

A measure of how viscous a liquid is, determining how easily it flows.

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Density

A measure of how much mass is packed into a certain amount of space.

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Conductivity

The ability of a material to allow heat or electricity to pass through it.

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Combustibility

The ability of a substance to react quickly with oxygen to produce heat and light.

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Reaction with water and Acid

The ability of a substance to react with acids to produce a gas.

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Cohesion

Water molecules sticking together.

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Adhesion

Water molecules sticking to other substances.

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Mineral

A naturally formed crystal, identified by its unique properties.

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Mass

The amount of substance in an object.

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Volume

The amount of space an object takes up.

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Density

A measure of how 'light' or 'heavy' an object is for its size.

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Hardness

A measure of how easily a mineral can be scratched.

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Streak

The color of a mineral's powder.

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Soluble

A substance that dissolves completely in a solvent, such as water.

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Insoluble

A substance that does not dissolve in a solvent, such as water.

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Dissolving

The process of a substance breaking down into smaller particles and evenly distributing throughout a solvent.

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Chemical Property

The characteristic of a substance that determines its ability to change chemically when reacting with another substance.

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Physical Property

The characteristic of a substance that can be observed without changing the substance's chemical composition.

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Fizzing Behavior

A property of a substance that relates to its ability to release gas bubbles when reacting with an acid.

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Substance Identification

The process of using multiple properties to determine the identity of an unknown substance.

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GUESS Method

A method for solving problems in science, involving identifying given information, unknowns, equations, solving, and stating the answer.

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Crystalline Solid

A solid with a defined crystal structure

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Transparency

The ability to pass light through a substance

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Opacity

The ability to block light from passing through a substance

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Crystal Shape

The shape or form of a solid substance

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Atom

The smallest unit of matter that retains the chemical properties of an element.

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Proton

A positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom.

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Neutron

A neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atom.

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Electron

A negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom.

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Nucleus

The central part of an atom containing protons and neutrons.

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Atomic Number

The number of protons in an atom's nucleus, which also determines the element's identity.

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Mass Number

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.

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Electronic Configuration

The arrangement of electrons in different energy levels or shells around the nucleus.

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Atomic Theory

The idea that matter is made up of tiny, indivisible particles.

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Bohr Model

A model of the atom where electrons are in specific orbits around the nucleus, like planets orbiting the sun.

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Dependent Variable

The variable being measured in an experiment. It's the outcome that is being observed and recorded.

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Independent Variable

The variable that is changed or manipulated in an experiment. It's the factor that is tested to see its effect on the dependent variable.

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Scientific Method

A systematic process for investigating phenomena, testing hypotheses, and gathering evidence to answer scientific questions.

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Graph

A visual representation of data that shows the relationship between two variables. It helps to visualize trends and patterns.

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X-axis

The axis on a graph that typically represents the independent variable. It is usually labeled with units.

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Y-axis

The axis on a graph that typically represents the dependent variable. It is usually labeled with units.

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Line of Best Fit

A line drawn on a graph that shows the general trend or direction of the data points. It helps to visualize the relationship between variables.

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Reproducibility

The ability of a scientific finding to be repeated by other researchers under the same conditions.

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Control Variable

A variable that is not being studied but could potentially influence the results of an experiment. It should be kept constant to ensure the results are valid.

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What are controlled variables?

Controlled variables are the factors that are kept the same throughout an experiment to ensure that any changes observed are due to the independent variable.

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What were the controlled variables in Ann's experiment?

In this experiment, the amount of sunlight, amount of water, type of soil, and type of plant were kept constant to isolate the effect of the type of plant food on tomato plant growth.

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What is experimental error?

Experimental error refers to the natural differences or variations that occur during an experiment, which are beyond your control. These are not mistakes, but rather inherent uncertainties.

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What is the difference between experimental error and mistakes?

Mistakes are preventable errors that occur during an experiment due to carelessness, miscalculations, or improper procedures. These are not considered sources of error.

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What are some examples of mistakes, not sources of error?

Spilling, dropping equipment, incorrect calculations, misreading measuring devices, not cleaning equipment, and not following the planned procedure are examples of mistakes, not sources of error.

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How can the effect of sources of error be reduced?

Increasing the number of trials can help reduce the effect of sources of error. This allows for a more reliable average and minimizes the impact of unpredictable variations.

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What are improvements in an experiment?

Improvements in an experiment focus on enhancing the procedure, not necessarily fixing mistakes or addressing sources of error. These aim to make the experiment more efficient, precise, or reliable.

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Why is it important to identify weaknesses in an experiment?

Identifying the weaknesses or limitations of an experiment helps determine how to refine the procedure for future investigations. This ensures better accuracy and more meaningful results.

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What is matter?

Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. It can be classified into elements and compounds.

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What are physical properties?

Physical properties are characteristics that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of a substance.

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What are the states of matter?

The states of matter describe the different forms in which a substance can exist: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.

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What is hardness?

Hardness is a substance's ability to resist scratching. It is measured on the Mohs Hardness Scale.

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What is malleability?

Malleability is a substance's ability to be hammered or pressed into thin sheets.

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What is ductility?

Ductility is a substance's ability to be stretched into a long wire.

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What is density?

A substance's density is a measure of how much mass is packed into a given volume. It is calculated by dividing the mass of a substance by its volume.

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Why do steel ships float?

Steel ships have a hollow, air-filled interior. This air is much less dense than water, so the overall density of the ship (including the steel and air) is less than the density of water, enabling it to float.

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How do submarines change their depth?

Submarines use ballast tanks to adjust their density. When filled with water, the submarine's density increases, causing it to sink. When filled with air, the density decreases, causing it to rise.

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How did Archimedes determine if the crown was made of pure gold?

Archimedes discovered that the volume of an object could be determined by measuring the amount of water it displaced. He then calculated the density of the crown by dividing its mass by its volume, and compared this to the density of pure gold.

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What is a solution?

A solution is a homogenous mixture where one substance (solute) is dissolved evenly throughout another substance (solvent).

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What is a suspension?

A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture where particles are dispersed in a liquid but not dissolved. These particles can settle or be separated by filtration.

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What is a mechanical mixture?

A mechanical mixture is a heterogeneous mixture where different substances can be easily identified and separated.

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What is melting?

Melting is the process of a solid changing into a liquid when heat is added.

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What is freezing?

Freezing is the process of a liquid changing into a solid when heat is removed.

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What is evaporation?

Evaporation is the process of a liquid changing into a gas when heat is added.

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What is sublimation?

Sublimation is the process of a solid changing directly into a gas when heat is added.

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What is condensation?

Condensation is the process of a gas changing into a liquid when heat is removed.

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What is deposition?

Deposition is the process of a gas changing directly into a solid when heat is removed.

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What is a pure substance?

A pure substance is a substance that only contains one type of particle. It can be an element or a compound.

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Study Notes

Lab Safety Rules

  • Responsibility: Students are responsible for their safety and the safety of others. Failure to follow safety rules may result in loss of lab privileges.
  • Supervision: No student should be unsupervised in the lab or preparation room.
  • Preparation: Read procedures for safety precautions.
  • Food/Drinks: Eating, drinking, or chewing gum in the lab is prohibited.
  • Tasting/Smelling: Do not taste or smell chemicals unless instructed. Use the wafting technique.
  • Positioning: Stand during labs; do not sit or lean on lab benches.
  • Work Area: Keep work areas clean and uncluttered during experiments.
  • Unauthorized Experiments: Do not conduct unauthorized experiments.
  • Flammable Materials: Butane lighters, matches, and other flammable materials are prohibited in class.
  • Outside Chemicals: Do not bring home chemicals or unauthorized substances to the lab.
  • Water and Electricity: Keep water and wet hands away from electrical outlets. Do not insert objects into outlets. Do not place flammable materials near electrical sources. Unplug electrical cords by the plug, not the cord.
  • Electrical Cords: Ensure electrical cords are not placed where someone might trip.

Safety Equipment

  • Equipment Location: Know the locations of safety equipment (fire extinguishers, eye wash station, first aid kit, fire exits, fire alarms, and goggles cabinet).
  • Eye Protection: Wear safety goggles for all experiments. Contact lenses are not permitted in the lab; students should wear prescription glasses under goggles.
  • Appropriate Attire: Dress appropriately; long hair must be tied back; dangling jewelry and baggy clothing must be secured; closed-toe shoes required. No sandals allowed during labs.
  • Additional Equipment: Additional safety equipment may be required by the teacher.

Accidents and Injuries

  • Reporting: Report all accidents and injuries, no matter how minor.
  • Skin Spills: Rinse well with running water for spills on skin as directed by the teacher.
  • Eye Spills: Rinse immediately at the eye wash station for at least 30 minutes, holding eyelids open.
  • Spill Cleanup: Immediately inform the teacher and follow proper cleanup procedures for chemical spills.
  • Fire: Immediately inform a staff member for fire incidents; use the STOP,DROP, and ROLL method if on fire.

Lab Cleanup

  • Following Instructions: Clean all glassware and materials and put everything away according to instructions.
  • Equipment Return: Return all equipment to its proper location.
  • Cleaning Benches: Wipe lab benches.
  • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Return safety goggles and PPE to designated storage.
  • Handwashing: Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water.

Chemical Handling

  • Caution: Handle all chemicals in the lab with caution.
  • Label Check: Check chemical labels TWICE before removing any substance. Only take the quantity needed.
  • Unused Chemicals: Do not return unused chemicals to original containers. Dispose of chemicals as instructed by the teacher.
  • Drainage: Do not flush chemicals down the drain. Dispose of them according to teacher instructions. Never remove any chemicals or materials from the lab.
  • WHMIS/HHPS: Look for WHMIS or HHPS symbols on chemical containers.

Glassware Handling

  • Cracked Glassware: Do not use cracked or chipped glassware.
  • Broken Glass: Report broken glass to the teacher for proper cleanup and disposal. Use the designated glass disposal container, not the garbage. Do not handle broken glass with bare hands.
  • Gas-Producing Glassware: Do not tightly stopper flasks or test tubes where gas is being produced, as this may cause an explosion.
  • Cleanup: Clean and return all glassware at the end of the lab.

Heating Glassware

  • Bunsen Burner: Light the Bunsen burner as instructed by the teacher. Never leave a heat source unattended.
  • Hot Glass: Handle recently heated glassware with tongs. Hot glass does not always look hot.
  • Immersion: Do not immerse hot glassware in cold water; this may cause shattering.
  • Test Tube Heating: When heating test tubes, always point the open end away from yourself and others at a 45-degree angle; never look into a heated test tube.

Electrical Equipment

  • Safety Precautions: When using electrical circuits or devices, ensure a switch controls the power source, a load is connected to prevent short circuits, devices are not left unattended, and the teacher checks the circuit before it is switched on.
  • Settings/Cables: When using power supplies or multimeters, use only settings and cables approved by the teacher.

Room Layout (119) [Diagram needed]

  • Safety Goggles Cabinet: [Location from diagram]
  • Emergency Exit (Prep Room): [Location from diagram]
  • Emergency Shut-Off Switches: [Location(s) from diagram]
  • Fume Hood: [Location from diagram]
  • Eye Wash Station: [Location from diagram]
  • Broken Glass Disposal Bin: [Location from diagram]
  • Fire Extinguishers (x 2): [Location(s) from diagram]
  • Office Call Button: [Location from diagram]
  • Dustpan and Broom: [Location from diagram]

Lab Equipment

  • Graduated Cylinder: Fluid measurement.
  • Erlenmeyer Flask: Titration, liquid mixing.
  • Bunsen Burner: Heating device.
  • Wire Mesh: Supporting glassware, spreading heat.
  • Ring Clamp: Holding flasks or beakers on retort stand.
  • Rubber Stopper: Prevents substances from escaping, contains glass tubes.
  • Beaker Tongs: Handling hot beakers.
  • Pipette/Dropper: Transfers small liquid quantities.
  • Beaker: Mixing and heating liquids.
  • Tweezers: Handling small solid substances.
  • Spot Plate: Square glass container for small samples.
  • Test Tube: Holds small amounts of chemicals.
  • Glass Rod: Mixing and stirring.
  • Scoopula: Scoop chemicals.
  • Test Tube Rack: Holds test tubes upright.
  • Watch Glass: Covers glassware, holds small samples.
  • Funnel: Transfers liquids from a container to another.

The Scientific Method

  • Purpose: A method to find answers to testable questions in a repeatable way to minimize errors.
  • Step 1: Question: Determine the topic or purpose for investigation (specific and testable).
  • Step 2: Research: Gather information & background on the question, verify information sources are reliable & up-to-date.
  • Step 3: Hypothesis: Make an educated guess ("If...then...because" format; identifies Independent & Dependent Variables.)
  • Step 4a: Experimental Design: Identify Independent, Dependent, and Control variables; ensure a fair test.
  • Step 4b: Procedure: Detail step-by-step instructions, including use of instruments, units, and techniques; write steps in the past tense.
  • Step 5: Observations: Record quantitative (numerical) data with units and qualitative (descriptive) data using senses.
  • Step 6a: Conclusions: State if hypothesis is correct (explaining why/why not), summarize results with specifics, explain the experiment with principles, and provide a concluding answer.
  • Step 6b: Experimental Error: Identify sources of error (differing from mistakes).
  • Step 6c: Improvements: Suggest changes to the experimental procedure to improve the experiment.

Variables

  • Control Group: A group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment being tested.
  • Experimental Group: The group in an experiment that receives the treatment being tested.
  • Independent Variable (IV): The manipulated variable.
  • Dependent Variable (DV): The measured variable.
  • Control Variables (CVs): Variables kept constant in the experiment to ensure fairness.

Graphing

  • Graphing Purpose: To visually represent the relationship between an independent and dependent variable.
  • Choosing Appropriate Graph: Use line graphs for quantitative IVs and bar graphs for qualitative IVs.
  • Scaling: Choose appropriate scales to best visualize data.
  • Axes Labels: Label data along both axes, including units.
  • Plotting Data: Accurately plot the data points onto the graph.
  • Trend Line: Draw/sketch a continuous line of best fit (line graph) or curve of best fit that visually describes the relationship between variables.
  • Title: Give the graph a complete and descriptive title, including any conditions.

Classification of Matter (Pure Substances, Mixed)

  • Pure Substances: Elements and compounds (identified by Periodic Table, chemical names). Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances.
  • Mixtures (homogeneous/heterogeneous): Two or more substances mixed together (solution, suspension or mechanical mixture).
  • Solutions: Homogeneous mixture (uniform throughout); e.g., tap water or air.
  • Suspensions: Heterogeneous mixture (components settle out); e.g., oil and water or mud.
  • Mechanical Mixtures: Heterogeneous mixture (distinct components visible); e.g., sand and water.

Atomic Structure

  • Subatomic Particles: Protons (+ charge, in nucleus), neutrons (neutral charge, in nucleus), electrons (- charge, in orbitals).
  • Atomic Number: Number of protons (and electrons in a neutral atom).
  • Mass Number: Number of protons + neutrons.
  • Electron Shells: Electrons arranged in energy levels/shells around the nucleus (first shell holds 2 max, second 8, third 8 etc.).
  • Electronic Configuration: Arrangement of electrons in shells.

Density

  • Density (D): Mass per volume. (D = m/v)
  • Calculating Density: Use the formula (D = m/v).
  • Applications: Density explains floating/sinking objects in fluids.

Studying That Suits You

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Test your knowledge on the properties of matter and minerals with this quiz. Questions cover definitions, characteristics, and examples of various physical and chemical properties. Perfect for science students looking to reinforce their understanding.

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