Properties of Matter

Matters

• In solids, molecules experience the highest attraction force.
• Solids maintain structural firmness and resistance to deformation, exhibiting high Young's modulus.
• Liquids have less attraction force compared to solids, while gases have the least.

Statements About Substances

• Attraction is present between particles in a substance, bonding them together.
• Particles move continuously in fluids and air.
• Matter consists of particles with intermolecular space.

Particles of Solids

• Particles in solids have fixed size and volume.
• The particles are molecules or atoms.
• Solid particles are systematically arranged, not randomly.
• Solid particles exhibit strong attraction forces.
• Solids are incompressible and hard.
• Solids possess constituent particles with reduced spaces between them.
• Solids have a high density compared to gases and liquids.
• Melting points of solids are often high due to their systematic arrangement of particles

States of matter

• Scientists have identified five states of matter: solid, liquid, gas, plasma, and Bose-Einstein Condensate.
• Plasma is the fourth state where matter and energy can be seen.
• Plasma is not present in all cells.
• Unlike solids and liquids, gases exhibit extreme diffusion intensity because of the minimal attraction between molecules.

Other substances

• Camphor changes from solid state to gas.

Mixtures

• Mixtures can naturally be homogeneous or heterogeneous.
• Homogeneous mixtures exhibit uniform composition (e.g., salt in water).
• Heterogeneous mixtures exhibit non-uniform composition (e.g., sand in water).
• Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture where solute particles do not dissolve and remain suspended.
• Alloys exemplify solid solutions.
• Milk is an example of heterogeneous mixture.

Elements vs compounds

• Air is element and compound mixture present in earth atmosphere.
• Water is a chemical compound
• Lead is a pure element, whereas chalk, hydrogen sulphide, and sulphur dioxide are chemical compounds.

Physical and Chemical changes

• A mixture can be separated by physical methods.
• Original substance cannot be recovered from newly formed products as a result of chemical changes..
• The change of water into water vapour is called evaporation and it comes under physical change.
• Freezing , heating, changing aggregate state are examples of physical change.

Conversion

• Pyruvate is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide.
• Sugar becomes alcohol through fermentation.
• The conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid is catalysed by Alkaline KMnO4 and Acidified K2Cr2O7.
• Gypsum converts to Plaster of Paris at 373K.
• Conversion of gas to solid happens as a result of deposition.
• The process where a substance converts from liquid state to vapour one is called evaporation.

Scientific Laws

• Mass cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.
• Balanced chemical equations aligns with mass conservation law.
• Reactant and product masses remain constant during reactions.
• Joseph Proust is associated with constant proportions.
• Elements in compounds consistently combine in definite proportions by weight.

Dalton's Atomic Theory

• This theory is grounded in chemical combination laws.
• States that matter consists of indivisible particles.
• All matter possesses tiny particles called atoms.
• Atoms of the same element share equal mass and chemical properties.
• Dalton's atomic theory does not follow a fixed structure for matter.
• Accounts for mass conservation and definite proportions.
• In Dalton's theory, they cannot create or destroy elements by physical or chemical method.
• Says that Atoms of different elements all have different mass and chemical properties.

Molecules

• For solids the size varies.
• Air is a mixture of gases such Oxygen, Nitrogen etc
• Each element have a particular atomic mass.
• John Dalton propounded the basic theory behind nature of matter.
• 8 atoms make one molecule of sulphur.
• Atoms chemically combine to form molecules.
• Molecules of the same or different elements join together to form molecules with strong chemical bonds.
• Colloid matter is not any physical state of universe.
• There is a fixed size and volume for solids.

Hydrogen and ammonia

• The ratio of hydrogen and oxygen by mass in water is 1:8.
• Ammonia contains nitrogen and hydrogen at a ratio of 14:3 by mass.

Sodium

• 23 grams of sodium together with 35.5 grams of chlorine forms one molecule sodium chlorate.
• NaCl is the formula for sodium chlorade.
• One molecule of the matter NaCl has 30 molecules
• The weight of one liter gas is 5.6 grams at standard temprature.
• Camphor and ammonium chloride not solve in another
• Sodium metal is mixed in gas.

Mole and Avogadro Number

• Avogadro's Law provides the atomic nature of the universe according to the weight.
• 6.023x10^23 is the particles present in matter.
• Mole is the unit of calculating a matter for a chemist.
• For standard temprature gases their volume decreases at high pressure.
• By a mole of a matter is an chemical mixture.
• Not any chemical structure is fixed.
• There is fixed the size and volume for solids. Each solid is consists of particles.
• 6.023x10^23 atoms is present in 1 mole..
• Weight of the given gas is 30 grams.

Relative atomic mass

• Expressed as radio of 1/12 to the parts of carbon. Nitrogen in air takes 78.084% and oxygen takes 20.946%
• Mass of N2 and H2 in ammonia have always in ration. Atomic number for calcium is C, second groups A.
• Colloid mater is not the physical state.
• An alloy is an example of solid solution.
• Copper sulphate is an inorganic compound of cuso4 5h2o.

N/H ratio

• N2 and H2 mass in ammonia is 14:3.
• Water is H2 and water volume ratio.
• Mass and volume volume ratio hydrogen and calcium.
• Atoms of N=2 and H=8 s=1. and O =4, its total 15 and in above ammonia its =6. ,
• The percentage amount of carbon in co2 is 27.3 %.
• For hydrogen weight the is (3050).

Atomic theory

• Dalton's theory describes law mass and chemistry.
• Dalton's theory atomic made small.
• Atoms cannot divide it any chemistry matter.
• Matter break then in a new matter.
• ☝is pure solid matter.

Metals

• Lead doesn't make with one-another with other matter then gold one.

• Aluminium oxide and tin are chemical reaction

• Rusting is chemistry change.

• Copper.s volume pressure.

• There changes states or gasses mission and volume is 4 chemical

• The part will is get volume in chemistry reaction.

• And if a new 38 gas is 4.