Properties of Liquids
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Questions and Answers

Explain how particles in liquids behave.

Particles in liquids have enough energy to pull away from each other, sliding around while vibrating close together in small clusters. They can slip past each other and do not form rigid clumps, allowing liquids to fill a container and take its shape.

Which statement best describes the behavior of gas particles?

  • Gas particles are far apart from each other with a lot of empty space between them. (correct)
  • Gas particles are close together but vibrate in fixed positions.
  • Gas particles are tightly packed together in small clusters.
  • Gas particles are in rigid clumps similar to solid particles.

    • Particles in gases always flow to the lowest possible level.

    False

    ____ is considered a fourth state of matter, existing in a gaslike mixture of charged particles.

    <p>Plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another term for melting?

    <p>fusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is evaporation and how does it differ from boiling?

    <p>Evaporation is a slower form of vaporization that occurs at a specific temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Silver __ at 961°C.

    <p>melts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a suspension?

    <p>A type of heterogeneous mixture where particles settle slowly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rocks are examples of pure substances.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a colloid?

    <p>A heterogeneous mixture in which the particles do not settle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an emulsion?

    <p>A mixture in which one liquid is dispersed in another liquid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the separate parts of a mechanical mixture called?

    <p>Phases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of an emulsifying agent?

    <p>To prevent tiny droplets from joining together in a colloid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines whether materials dissolve?

    <p>Attraction among the particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water is considered a universal solvent.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors might affect the rate of dissolving?

    <p>Agitation, temperature, pressure, size of solute particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is solubility?

    <p>Solubility refers to the mass of a solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent to form a saturated solution at a given temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a saturated solution, no more solute will dissolve in a specific amount of solvent at a specific ________.

    <p>temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which solute has the greatest solubility in water?

    <p>Epsom salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are fluids?

    <p>Materials that are able to flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do fluids like water, air, and blood do?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gases can be classified as fluids.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Solids can be poured but they cannot flow like a ________.

    <p>fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What raw materials enter the short tower in the oil-producing regions of Canada?

    <p>gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change takes place inside the tall tower?

    <p>hot vapours rise, cool, condense into different fractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What processed materials leave the tall tower?

    <p>fractionated substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common product made from petrochemicals?

    <p>Duct tape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the process of extracting gold, the ore is blasted, crushed, dissolved with chemicals, and separated using ______.

    <p>filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Filtration can be used to separate the parts of mixtures by allowing all particles to pass through filters.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do people recommend removing ink stains with hairspray?

    <p>Hairspray acts as a solvent that dissolves the ink, making it soluble and easier to remove.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is iron separated from iron ore?

    <p>Iron is separated from iron ore through a series of chemical reactions and processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of removing water from a solution called?

    <p>The process of removing water from a solution is called dehydration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method that allows all liquid fractions of a mixture to be separated from each other and collected in different containers?

    <p>Distillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component in seawater can be recovered by evaporating the water?

    <p>Salt (solute)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which solute used by the class was the most soluble in water? Which was the least soluble?

    <p>Answers will vary. Example: Most soluble: A. Least soluble: B.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which solute used has particles that are most attracted to water?

    <p>Answers will vary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of solution is created when 50 g of potassium nitrate is added to 100 mL of water at 50ºC?

    <p>Saturated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe what happens to the solubility of ammonia as temperature increases from 20ºC to 80ºC.

    <p>The solubility of ammonia increases as temperature increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two substances have the same solubility at 28ºC?

    <p>Answers will vary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are some materials insoluble?

    <p>Insoluble materials have particles that are not attracted to the particular solvent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'rate of dissolving' mean?

    <p>Rate of dissolving refers to how quickly a solid dissolves in a liquid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is water considered the universal solvent?

    <p>Water is considered the universal solvent because it can dissolve a wide range of substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is a cloud homogeneous or heterogeneous?

    <p>Heterogeneous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Mix and Flow of Matter

    • Fluids are materials that can flow, such as water, air, blood, and materials that can be melted or dissolved in fluids.
    • Fluids are essential for daily life, and their ability to flow allows them to perform work, such as moving mechanical parts in machinery.

    Properties of Fluids

    • The properties of fluids can be explained by looking at the tiny particles that make up the material.
    • The particle model of matter involves key ideas, including:
    • All substances are made of tiny particles.
    • All particles in a pure substance are the same.
    • The particles have spaces between them.
    • The particles are always in motion, vibrating, rotating, and moving from place to place.
    • The particles are attracted to each other, with the strength of the attractive force depending on the type of particle.

    Solids

    • Solids are made up of particles that are tightly packed together, with particles that are so close they cannot move around freely.
    • Solids are greatly affected by gravity and can be ground into small pieces that can slip past each other when poured out of their containers.

    Liquids

    • Liquids are made up of particles that have enough energy to pull away from each other, with particles that slide around each other and vibrate close together in small clusters.
    • Liquids take the shape of their container and flow to the lowest possible level.
    • Liquids are affected by gravity and form a level surface when at rest.

    Gases

    • Gases are made up of particles that are far apart from each other, with an enormous amount of empty space between them.
    • Gas particles flow past each other easily, move in every direction, and move extremely far apart.
    • Gases take on the shape of their container and occupy all the space that they can fill.
    • Unlike liquids, gases do not flow to the lowest possible level and can move against gravity.

    Changes of State

    • A change of state occurs when a substance is heated or cooled, causing the physical state of the substance to be transformed into another state.
    • Examples of changes of state include melting (solid to liquid), vaporization (liquid to gas), and the reverse changes of state that occur when a substance is cooled.

    Plasma

    • Plasma is a gas-like mixture of positively and negatively charged particles that can conduct electricity.
    • Plasma is the most common form of matter in the universe and exists naturally in stars and lightning.
    • scientists consider plasma to be a fourth state of matter.### Changes of State
    • Condensation: change from gas to liquid (e.g., water vapor in the air becoming liquid water)
    • Freezing: change from liquid to solid (e.g., water becoming ice)
    • Sublimation: change from solid to gas or gas to solid without becoming a liquid first (e.g., dry ice sublimating into carbon dioxide gas)

    Morphing

    • Morphing: a special effect in movies where characters change shape or form
    • Example: dry ice (frozen carbon dioxide) sublimating into a gas, creating a "morphing" effect

    Properties of Matter

    • Pure Substances: contain only one type of particle (e.g., iron, gold, oxygen, sulfur, carbon)
    • Mixtures: contain two or more pure substances (e.g., paint, orange juice, milk)
    • Homogeneous Mixtures: mixtures with uniform properties (e.g., solutions, vinegar, clear air)
    • Heterogeneous Mixtures: mixtures with non-uniform properties (e.g., rocks, Italian salad dressing, clay mixed with water)

    Classification of Matter

    • Elements: pure substances made up of one type of particle (e.g., iron, gold, oxygen)
    • Compounds: pure substances made up of two or more elements (e.g., water, salt, sugar)
    • Homogeneous Mixtures: solutions (e.g., sugar and water), suspensions (e.g., Italian salad dressing), and colloids (e.g., fog)
    • Heterogeneous Mixtures: mechanical mixtures (e.g., rocks, soil, blood)

    Dissolving

    • Dissolving: the process of forming a homogeneous mixture by mixing two or more materials

    • Particle Model: explains why materials dissolve, considering particle attractions and motion

    • Factors Affecting Dissolving: particle attractions, particle motion, and the strength of attractions between particles### Mixtures and Solutions

    • A mixture is a blend of two or more substances, where each substance maintains its chemical properties.

    • A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, where one substance (the solute) is dissolved in another substance (the solvent).

    Solutes and Solvents

    • Solute: the substance that dissolves in a solvent to form a solution.
    • Solvent: the substance that dissolves a solute to form a solution.
    • Example: sugar (solute) dissolves in water (solvent) to form a solution.

    Examples of Solutions

    • Air: oxygen, nitrogen, and other gases mixed together.
    • Soda water: carbon dioxide (gas) dissolved in water.
    • Vinegar: acetic acid (liquid) dissolved in water.
    • Ocean water: various salts (solids) dissolved in water.

    Water - the Universal Solvent

    • Water is called the "universal solvent" because it can dissolve many materials.
    • 97% of the water on Earth is ocean water, which contains many dissolved substances.
    • Only 0.5% of the Earth's water is usable freshwater, but it also contains many solutes.

    Dissolving

    • The rate of dissolving can be affected by factors such as agitation (stirring or shaking), surface area, temperature, and pressure.
    • Agitation helps to increase the rate of dissolving by pushing water particles closer to the solute particles.

    Solubility

    • Solubility refers to the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature.
    • A saturated solution is one in which no more solute can dissolve in the solvent at a specific temperature.
    • An unsaturated solution is one in which more solute can dissolve in the solvent at the same temperature.
    • Examples of solubility: salt (35.7 g/100 g of water), sugar (179.2 g/100 g of water), and copper(II) sulfate (31.6 g/100 g of water).

    Supersaturated Solutions

    • A supersaturated solution is one that contains more solute than it can normally hold at a specific temperature.
    • Supersaturated solutions can be prepared by making a saturated solution and then cooling it without stirring.
    • When a small crystal of solute is added to a supersaturated solution, the excess solute quickly crystallizes out of the solution.

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    Understanding the behavior of particles in liquids, including their energy, movement, and interaction with each other.

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