Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following characteristics is most closely associated with development in living organisms?
Which of the following characteristics is most closely associated with development in living organisms?
- Maintaining internal stability.
- Maturation from an immature to a mature form. (correct)
- Increase in the number of cells.
- Responding to external stimuli.
A scientist observes a population of bacteria rapidly increasing in size. Which property of life is best exemplified by this observation?
A scientist observes a population of bacteria rapidly increasing in size. Which property of life is best exemplified by this observation?
- Reproduction
- Adaptation
- Metabolism
- Growth (correct)
Which of the following best describes the primary difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?
Which of the following best describes the primary difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?
- Asexual reproduction does not require another organism, while sexual reproduction involves the combination of genetic information from two parents. (correct)
- Asexual reproduction requires two parents, while sexual reproduction requires only one.
- Asexual reproduction only occurs in single-celled organisms, while sexual reproduction only occurs in multicellular organisms.
- Asexual reproduction results in offspring with genetic variation, while sexual reproduction does not.
Which property of life is directly involved in the synthesis of new organic molecules?
Which property of life is directly involved in the synthesis of new organic molecules?
An organism maintains a stable internal body temperature despite fluctuations in the external environment. Which property of life is best illustrated by this example?
An organism maintains a stable internal body temperature despite fluctuations in the external environment. Which property of life is best illustrated by this example?
Which level of biological organization includes both the biotic and abiotic factors in a specific area?
Which level of biological organization includes both the biotic and abiotic factors in a specific area?
A group of tissues working together to perform a specific complex function is called what?
A group of tissues working together to perform a specific complex function is called what?
Which of the following represents the correct order of biological organization from simplest to most complex?
Which of the following represents the correct order of biological organization from simplest to most complex?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides?
Which of the following is the primary function of glycogen in animals?
Which of the following is the primary function of glycogen in animals?
What type of bond is formed when two monosaccharides are joined together to form a disaccharide?
What type of bond is formed when two monosaccharides are joined together to form a disaccharide?
Which of the following best describes the function of a peptide bond?
Which of the following best describes the function of a peptide bond?
How do nucleotides and nucleosides differ in their chemical structure?
How do nucleotides and nucleosides differ in their chemical structure?
How do purines and pyrimidines differ in their structure?
How do purines and pyrimidines differ in their structure?
What is the primary role of the nuclear pore in a eukaryotic cell?
What is the primary role of the nuclear pore in a eukaryotic cell?
Which of the following describes the main function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Which of the following describes the main function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
What is the key difference between Eubacteria and Archaebacteria?
What is the key difference between Eubacteria and Archaebacteria?
What is the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration?
What is the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration?
During which stage of photosynthesis is sunlight used to split water molecules?
During which stage of photosynthesis is sunlight used to split water molecules?
Where do the light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) of photosynthesis take place?
Where do the light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) of photosynthesis take place?
Flashcards
Growth
Growth
Increase in cell number or cell size.
Development
Development
Change from immature to mature form.
Reproduction
Reproduction
Process where new individuals are formed.
Asexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction
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Sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction
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Metabolism
Metabolism
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Irritability/Sensitivity
Irritability/Sensitivity
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Adaptation
Adaptation
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Homeostasis
Homeostasis
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Cell
Cell
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Tissue
Tissue
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Organ
Organ
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Organ system
Organ system
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Population
Population
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Community
Community
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Ecosystem
Ecosystem
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Biosphere
Biosphere
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CHONS
CHONS
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Amino acid
Amino acid
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Monosaccharide
Monosaccharide
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Study Notes
- Growth is a property of life that involves an increase in cell number or cell size.
- Development, another property of life, refers to maturation, which is a change from an immature to a mature form.
- Reproduction is a property of life by which new individuals are formed.
- Asexual reproduction is reproduction without the need for another organism.
- Sexual reproduction results in a combination of genetic information from both parents.
- Metabolism is a property of life referring to the chemical reactions providing energy for vital processes and synthesizing new organic material.
- Irritability is the property or Sensitivity of responding to stimuli.
- Adaptation is a property of life regarding the ability to survive in a given state or environment.
- Homeostasis is a property of life whereby an organism maintains internal stability, adjusting to conditions optimal for survival through self-regulation.
- A cell is the basic unit of life.
- Tissues are groups of cells with the same structure performing specific functions.
- Organs consist of multiple tissues functioning as a unit to perform complex functions.
- Organ systems comprise organs working together for a specific function.
- A population is a group of organisms of a certain species operating or working together in a certain area, representing a level of biological organization.
- A community is a level of biological organization with different populations interacting and living together in a given area.
- An ecosystem is a biological organization that looks at different communities in a specific geographical area, including the biotic and abiotic factors.
- The biosphere is a biological organization containing all biomes and ecosystems on Earth.
- CHONS represents atoms of organic compounds.
- Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are the 4 biomolecules.
- A monosaccharide is a monomer of carbohydrates.
- Lactose is made of Glucose and Galactose.
- Sucrose is made of Glucose and Fructose.
- Maltose is made of Glucose and Glucose.
- Disaccharides are carbohydrates formed when two monosaccharides join via glycosidic linkage; examples include sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
- Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates that contain three to ten units of monosaccharides.
- Polysaccharides are carbohydrates containing more than ten units of monosaccharides.
- Glycogen is a carbohydrate used for storing glucose in animals.
- Starch is a carbohydrate used for storing glucose in plants.
- Chitin is a carbohydrate and major component of arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls.
- Cellulose is a carbohydrate serving as a major component of plant cell walls.
- Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
- An enzyme acts as a catalyst for a reaction.
- Fatty acids and glycerol are the 2 components of a triglyceride.
- A glycosidic bond is a type of bond that links monomers of carbohydrates.
- A peptide bond is a bond that links amino acids to form peptides.
- An ester bond links a fatty acid to a glycerol.
- A hydrogen bond links nitrogenous base pairs together, such as A-T and C-G in DNA strands.
- An N-glycosidic bond links the nitrogenous base to the sugar in nucleic acids.
- A phosphodiester bond is a covalent bond between a phosphate group and two sugar molecules (hydroxyl groups) in nucleic acids.
- A nucleotide is a building block of nucleic acids.
- A nucleotide is made of phosphate, sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
- A nucleoside consists of a sugar and a nitrogenous base.
- DNA carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism.
- A purine is a nitrogenous base with two fused rings; examples include adenine and guanine.
- A pyrimidine is a nitrogenous base that consists of one ring, such as cytosine, thymine, and uracil.
- A eukaryotic cell has a nuclear membrane surrounding the nucleus.
- A prokaryote is a cell without a nuclear membrane.
- Organelles are specialized subunits within a cell, each having a specific function.
- The nucleus is the part of the cell where chromosomes can be located.
- The nucleolus is an area inside the nucleus which consists of RNA and proteins; Ribosomes are made there.
- A nuclear pore is a protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that regulates molecule transportation between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
- Cytoplasm is a gel-like solution holding the cell's components and protecting them from damage.
- Consisting of two phospholipid bilayers, the nuclear membrane encloses genetic material inside the cell.
- The cell or plasma membrane is selectively permeable, providing a fixed environment; mitochondria are considered the powerhouse of the cell.
- Mitochondria are the site of ATP synthesis.
- A vesicle is a small structure within a cell, which forms naturally during secretion (exocytosis), uptake (phagocytosis), and material transport in the cytoplasm.
- A central vacuole is a large organelle that functions as a storage tank for water and other molecules.
- Lysosomes are organelles surrounded by a membrane containing digestive enzymes aiding digestion, excretion, and cell renewal.
- Ribosomes are RNA-rich cytoplasmic granules and serve as the sites of protein synthesis.
- A peroxisome is an organelle specialized for oxidative reactions using molecular oxygen.
- A nucleosome is a section of DNA wrapped around a core of proteins.
- Histones are the basic proteins attached to DNA.
- The nucleoid is an irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote containing most of the genetic material.
- The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is a thin, winding network of membranous sacs originating from the nucleus, responsible for lipid synthesis.
- The rough endoplasmic reticulum is a thin winding network of membranous sacs originating from the nucleus that is embedded with ribosomes.
- The Golgi Body or Golgi Apparatus is an organelle involved in the modification/sorting of proteins.
- A cell wall is the outer covering of plant cells, fungal cells, and some bacteria.
- Flagella are microscopic hair-like structures involved in cell locomotion and help propel a cell through liquid with a whip-like motion.
- Cilia are hair-like structures involved in the mobility of unicellular organisms or filtration in multicellular organisms.
- Centrosomes are membrane-free organelles serving as microtubule-organizing centers in eukaryotic lineages, active during cell division.
- Centrioles usually exist in pairs, forming the core structure of the centrosome.
- MTOC or Microtubule organizing center is a structure in eukaryotic cells where microtubules emerge; relates to the organization of eukaryotic flagella/cilia, and the mitotic/meiotic spindle apparatus.
- Chloroplasts are organelles and the site of photosynthesis.
- Eubacteria is a kingdom of prokaryotic unicellular organisms that are mostly free-living.
- Archaebacteria is a kingdom including extremophiles like methanogens and thermophiles.
- Monera is a kingdom containing both eubacteria and archaebacteria.
- Protista is a kingdom that includes unicellular or colonial eukaryotes.
- Fungi is a kingdom that includes saprophytic organisms.
- Plantae encompasses multicellular, photosynthetic, and autotrophic organisms.
- Animalia includes multicellular heterotrophic organisms.
- Passive transport does not require energy.
- Active transport uses energy for the mobility of molecules in and out of cellular membranes.
- The Sodium-Potassium Pump is an electrogenic transmembrane ATPase that transports 3 Sodium ions outside + 2 Potassium ions inside the cell for every 1 ATP.
- Osmosis transports water molecules from high to low concentration.
- Simple diffusion transports ions or solutes from high to low concentration via a semi-permeable membrane.
- Facilitated diffusion transports ions or solutes from high to low concentration via a protein channel.
- Crenation is the state of an animal cell when placed in a beaker filled with hypertonic solution.
- Lysis is the state of an animal cell when it is placed in a beaker filled with hypotonic solution.
- Turgid describes the state of a plant cell when placed in a beaker filled with hypotonic solution.
- Plasmolysis describes a plant cell in a beaker filled with a hypertonic solution.
- Endocytosis is the ingestion of large particles, like bacteria, and the uptake of fluids or macromolecules in small vesicles.
- Exocytosis is the fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane, discharging vesicle content into the extracellular space and incorporating new proteins/lipids into the plasma membrane.
- The cytoplasm is the site of glycolysis.
- Glycolysis breaks down glucose to produce two molecules of pyruvate + ATP + NADH and water.
- The matrix of the mitochondria is the site of the Kreb Cycle.
- The inner membrane of the mitochondria is the site of ETC (electron transport chain).
- Oxygen serves as the last electron acceptor in the electron transport chain (ETC).
- ATP, pyruvate, and NADH are products of glycolysis.
- ATP, FADH, and NADH are products of the Kreb cycle.
- ATP and water are products of the electron transport chain.
- Aerobic respiration is cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen to produce energy.
- Anaerobic respiration is cellular respiration without oxygen to produce energy from food.
- Cellular respiration is a metabolic pathway using glucose to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
- The thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts is the site of light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis.
- The stroma of chloroplasts is the site of light-independent reactions in photosynthesis.
- The Calvin Cycle involves photosynthetic reactions using stored energy from light-dependent reactions to form glucose and other carbohydrate molecules.
- Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis use sunlight to split water and release oxygen.
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