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Questions and Answers
What is the general formula for most interhalogen compounds?
What is the general formula for most interhalogen compounds?
XYn (where n = 1, 3, 5, or 7)
Which halogen is the most electron-deficient component?
Which halogen is the most electron-deficient component?
All members of the halogen family are colorless.
All members of the halogen family are colorless.
False
Hydrogen fluoride exhibits ___________ between molecules.
Hydrogen fluoride exhibits ___________ between molecules.
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Match these interhalogen types with their corresponding examples:
Match these interhalogen types with their corresponding examples:
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Study Notes
Physical States of Halogens
- Fluorine and chlorine are in the gaseous state, bromine is in the liquid state, and iodine is in the solid state.
Electronic Configuration of Halogens
- Fluorine (Fl): 2s2 2p5 [He]
- Chlorine (Cl): 3s2 3p5 [Ne]
- Bromine (Br): 3d10 4s2 4p5 [Ar]
- Iodine (I): 4d10 5s2 5p5 [Kr]
Properties of Halogens
- The melting and boiling points of halogens increase with an increase in the atomic number of the element.
- All halogens are colored due to the absorption of radiation in the visible region, resulting in the excitation of electrons in the outer shell to higher energy levels.
- Halogens exhibit a -1 oxidation state, but chlorine, bromine, and iodine can also exhibit +1, +3, +5, and +7 states in combination with highly electronegative atoms of fluorine and oxygen.
- Halogens are highly reactive in nature and often react with metals and non-metals to form halides.
Reactivity of Halogen Family
- The reactivity of the halogen family decreases down the group.
- Halogens readily accept electrons as they are short of one electron to form an octet, hence, they have a strong oxidizing nature.
- Fluorine is the strongest oxidizing agent in the halogen family.
Interhalogen Compounds
- Interhalogen compounds are formed when halogen-group elements react with each other.
- The general formula of most interhalogen compounds is XYn, where n = 1, 3, 5, or 7, and X is the less electronegative of the two halogens.
- There are never more than two types of halogen atoms in an interhalogen molecule.
- Interhalogen compounds are of four general types: AX, AX3, AX5, and AX7.
Properties of Interhalogen Compounds
- Interhalogen compounds are prone to hydrolysis and ionize to give rise to polyatomic ions.
- Interhalogens are generally more reactive than halogens, except for fluorine.
- This is because A-X bonds in interhalogens are weaker than the X-X bonds in dihalogen molecules.
Chlorine Monofluoride
- Chlorine monofluoride is a volatile interhalogen compound with the chemical formula ClF.
- It is a colorless gas at room temperature and is stable even at high temperatures.
- When cooled to -100°C, ClF condenses as a pale yellow liquid.
Hydrogen Halides
- The hydrogen halides are colorless gases at standard conditions for temperature and pressure (STP), except for hydrogen fluoride, which boils at 19°C.
- Hydrogen fluoride exhibits hydrogen bonding between molecules, resulting in the highest melting and boiling points of the HX series.
Pseudohalogens
- Pseudohalogens are polyatomic analogues of halogens, whose chemistry resembles that of the true halogens, allowing them to substitute for halogens in several classes of chemical compounds.
- Pseudohalogens occur in pseudohalogen molecules, inorganic molecules of the general forms Ps–Ps or Ps–X (where Ps is a pseudohalogen group), such as cyanogen; pseudohalide anions, such as cyanide ion; inorganic acids, such as hydrogen cyanide; as ligands in coordination complexes, such as ferricyanide; and as functional groups in organic molecules, such as the nitrile group.
- Well-known pseudohalogen functional groups include cyanide, cyanate, thiocyanate, and azide.
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Description
This quiz covers the physical states and electron configurations of fluorine, chlorine, and iodine. Test your knowledge of these elements and their properties.