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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of blood in relation to respiration?
What is the primary function of blood in relation to respiration?
What does the viscosity of blood primarily refer to?
What does the viscosity of blood primarily refer to?
Which component of blood is primarily responsible for maintaining blood colloid osmotic pressure?
Which component of blood is primarily responsible for maintaining blood colloid osmotic pressure?
What can occur if the osmolarity of blood is too high?
What can occur if the osmolarity of blood is too high?
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What percentage of plasma is made up of water?
What percentage of plasma is made up of water?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?
Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?
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What are the two major components of blood?
What are the two major components of blood?
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What is the role of fibrinogen in blood?
What is the role of fibrinogen in blood?
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What is the first step in the process of platelet plug formation?
What is the first step in the process of platelet plug formation?
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Which protein is critical for the formation of the platelet plug?
Which protein is critical for the formation of the platelet plug?
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What process occurs immediately after the formation of a blood clot?
What process occurs immediately after the formation of a blood clot?
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What is the enzyme responsible for breaking down fibrin during clot dissolution?
What is the enzyme responsible for breaking down fibrin during clot dissolution?
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Which of the following is a step in the positive feedback cycle of platelet activity?
Which of the following is a step in the positive feedback cycle of platelet activity?
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What is the process by which a blood clot is dissolved referred to?
What is the process by which a blood clot is dissolved referred to?
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What happens to the rate of clot formation in patients with late stage cancers?
What happens to the rate of clot formation in patients with late stage cancers?
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Which of the following describes leukemia?
Which of the following describes leukemia?
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What is the primary cause of hemophilia?
What is the primary cause of hemophilia?
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Which genetic condition is most likely to affect males due to its inheritance pattern?
Which genetic condition is most likely to affect males due to its inheritance pattern?
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Which of the following is a symptom of sickle cell anemia?
Which of the following is a symptom of sickle cell anemia?
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What is a common treatment for hemophilia?
What is a common treatment for hemophilia?
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What condition occurs when a Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus?
What condition occurs when a Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus?
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What is the primary nutritional requirement for erythropoiesis mentioned?
What is the primary nutritional requirement for erythropoiesis mentioned?
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What role does vitamin C play in iron absorption?
What role does vitamin C play in iron absorption?
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What is the primary function of hemocytoblasts in the production of blood cells?
What is the primary function of hemocytoblasts in the production of blood cells?
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How is iron homeostasis maintained in the body?
How is iron homeostasis maintained in the body?
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At what stage do cells discard their nucleus during red blood cell maturation?
At what stage do cells discard their nucleus during red blood cell maturation?
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What effect does hypoxemia have on erythropoiesis?
What effect does hypoxemia have on erythropoiesis?
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What role does erythropoietin (EPO) play in red blood cell production?
What role does erythropoietin (EPO) play in red blood cell production?
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Which cells differentiate into T cells during leukopoiesis?
Which cells differentiate into T cells during leukopoiesis?
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What is the primary function of transferrin in the blood?
What is the primary function of transferrin in the blood?
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Which structure is responsible for producing blood cells during the early stages of embryonic development?
Which structure is responsible for producing blood cells during the early stages of embryonic development?
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Which of the following is a critical requirement for the maturation of red blood cells?
Which of the following is a critical requirement for the maturation of red blood cells?
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What stimulus can induce erythropoiesis when oxygen levels are low?
What stimulus can induce erythropoiesis when oxygen levels are low?
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What organ primarily stores surplus iron in the body?
What organ primarily stores surplus iron in the body?
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What is the lifespan of a reticulocyte before it matures into a fully functional red blood cell?
What is the lifespan of a reticulocyte before it matures into a fully functional red blood cell?
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How many oxygen molecules can a single hemoglobin molecule carry?
How many oxygen molecules can a single hemoglobin molecule carry?
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What is the hormone responsible for stimulating platelet production?
What is the hormone responsible for stimulating platelet production?
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Study Notes
Properties of Blood
- Blood viscosity: thickness impacting flow.
- Blood osmolarity: solute particle concentration affecting blood pressure (high osmolarity leads to high blood pressure; low osmolarity leads to edema).
Functions of Blood
- Transports respiratory gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste products.
- Regulates pH, body temperature, fluid balance, and electrolytes.
- Provides immune defense and hemostasis (stops bleeding).
Components of Blood
- Plasma (clear extracellular fluid; 91% water, 9% proteins, ions, nutrients, waste, regulatory molecules, and gases).
- Formed elements (blood cells and platelets).
Plasma Components
- Albumin: maintains blood viscosity and osmotic pressure, acts as a transport protein.
- Globulins: transport proteins involved in immunity.
- Fibrinogen: involved in blood clotting.
Hematopoiesis
- Blood cell production occurs in hematopoietic tissues (yolk sac in embryos, bone marrow, liver, spleen, and thymus).
- Hemocytoblasts are pluripotent stem cells that give rise to all blood cells.
- Production is stimulated by erythropoietin (EPO), thrombopoietin, and colony-stimulating factors (CSFs).
Erythrocyte Production (Erythropoiesis)
- Produces 2.5 million RBCs/second.
- Stages: proerythroblast, erythroblast (hemoglobin synthesis), normoblast (nucleus and organelles discarded), reticulocyte (enters bloodstream), mature RBC.
- Erythropoietin (EPO) from the kidneys stimulates erythrocyte development.
Hemoglobin Structure and Function
- Four protein chains (globins—two alpha and two beta) each conjugated with a heme group containing iron (Fe+2).
- Each hemoglobin molecule carries four O2 molecules.
Nutritional Needs for Erythropoiesis
- Iron: essential for hemoglobin synthesis; absorbed in the gut, transported by transferrin, stored in bone marrow and liver (ferritin).
- Vitamin B12 and folic acid: needed for rapid cell division.
- Vitamin C and copper: aid iron absorption and transfer.
Erythrocyte Homeostasis
- Hypoxemia (low blood oxygen) stimulates erythropoietin (EPO) production in the kidneys, leading to increased RBC production.
- Negative feedback mechanism regulates RBC count.
Leukopoiesis (Leukocyte Production)
- Myeloid progenitor cells differentiate into neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes.
- Lymphoid progenitor cells differentiate into B cells and T cells (T cells mature in the thymus).
Platelet Plug Formation
- Platelet adhesion: platelets bind to exposed collagen.
- Platelet activation: change shape and express fibrinogen receptors.
- Platelet aggregation: fibrinogen bridges link platelets, forming a plug.
Coagulation (Clot Formation)
- Fibrin forms a network trapping blood cells, platelets, and fluid.
- Clotting factors (proteins from the liver) are involved.
- Clot retraction: shortens and strengthens the clot.
- Fibrinolysis: plasmin dissolves the clot.
Blood Disorders
- Leukemia: cancer of leukocytes (acute or chronic).
- Hemophilia: bleeding disorder due to clotting factor deficiency (sex-linked recessive).
- Erythroblastosis fetalis: Rh incompatibility between mother and fetus.
- Sickle cell anemia: autosomal recessive genetic disease causing abnormal hemoglobin.
- Thrombocytopenia: low platelet count.
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Description
Explore the essential properties, functions, and components of blood in this comprehensive quiz. Understand how blood viscosity and osmolarity affect circulation and learn about the key proteins present in plasma. Test your knowledge on hematopoiesis and the immune functions of blood.
