Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of the aerofoil shape in propeller design?
What is the primary purpose of the aerofoil shape in propeller design?
- To create drag and reduce airspeed.
- To maintain constant pressure on both surfaces.
- To evenly distribute pressure, preventing vibration.
- To increase airflow velocity over the cambered surface, decreasing pressure and generating lift. (correct)
What force opposes thrust and is caused by the disruption of airflow over the propeller?
What force opposes thrust and is caused by the disruption of airflow over the propeller?
- Lift
- Centrifugal Force
- Drag (correct)
- Torque
Thrust is the reaction to the mass of air being accelerated rearwards. On what part of the propeller blade is this force primarily felt?
Thrust is the reaction to the mass of air being accelerated rearwards. On what part of the propeller blade is this force primarily felt?
- The blade shank
- The blade face (correct)
- The blade tip
- The blade back
In the context of propellers, what two pairs of forces contribute to the total reaction?
In the context of propellers, what two pairs of forces contribute to the total reaction?
Which statement best describes blade angle?
Which statement best describes blade angle?
What reference point is generally used when measuring blade angle?
What reference point is generally used when measuring blade angle?
In the designation 'M74DMS5-2-60' for a Sensenich propeller, what does '-60' indicate?
In the designation 'M74DMS5-2-60' for a Sensenich propeller, what does '-60' indicate?
What is the term for the angle between the chord line of a propeller and the relative wind/airflow?
What is the term for the angle between the chord line of a propeller and the relative wind/airflow?
What is the result of a propeller reaching the speed of sound at the blade tips?
What is the result of a propeller reaching the speed of sound at the blade tips?
What is propeller pitch?
What is propeller pitch?
What is propeller slip defined as?
What is propeller slip defined as?
If a propeller has a geometric pitch of 50 inches and an effective pitch of 35 inches, what is its efficiency, assuming no other losses?
If a propeller has a geometric pitch of 50 inches and an effective pitch of 35 inches, what is its efficiency, assuming no other losses?
What is the effect of propeller torque on aircraft stability if the propeller is being driven anti-clockwise?
What is the effect of propeller torque on aircraft stability if the propeller is being driven anti-clockwise?
What is the effect of a rotating propeller's slipstream on the aircraft's fin?
What is the effect of a rotating propeller's slipstream on the aircraft's fin?
What effect does fitting a contra-rotating propeller have on propeller torque and gyroscopic effect?
What effect does fitting a contra-rotating propeller have on propeller torque and gyroscopic effect?
What force tends to throw rotating propeller blades away from the propeller hub?
What force tends to throw rotating propeller blades away from the propeller hub?
Which force tends to rotate propeller blades toward a fine blade angle on variable pitch propellers?
Which force tends to rotate propeller blades toward a fine blade angle on variable pitch propellers?
Which force attempts to move the propeller blades to a coarser blade angle?
Which force attempts to move the propeller blades to a coarser blade angle?
Which force bends the propeller blades opposite to the direction of rotation?
Which force bends the propeller blades opposite to the direction of rotation?
Which force bends the blades forward as the aircraft is pulled through the air?
Which force bends the blades forward as the aircraft is pulled through the air?
What happens to the angle of attack if forward velocity is maintained, but rotational velocity is increased?
What happens to the angle of attack if forward velocity is maintained, but rotational velocity is increased?
What is the effect of increased forward velocity on the relative airflow and angle of attack, if rotational velocity is maintained?
What is the effect of increased forward velocity on the relative airflow and angle of attack, if rotational velocity is maintained?
What is the most critical location for concentrations of vibrational stress on a propeller blade?
What is the most critical location for concentrations of vibrational stress on a propeller blade?
Propeller blades are commonly constructed using what material?
Propeller blades are commonly constructed using what material?
Which of the following defines the leading edge of a propeller blade?
Which of the following defines the leading edge of a propeller blade?
What is the purpose of the chord line on a propeller?
What is the purpose of the chord line on a propeller?
What is the function of the hub assembly?
What is the function of the hub assembly?
Which description summarizes the purpose of propeller blade cuffs?
Which description summarizes the purpose of propeller blade cuffs?
What material is commonly used for leading-edge sheathing on wooden propellers?
What material is commonly used for leading-edge sheathing on wooden propellers?
What is the purpose of anodizing aluminum alloy propeller blades?
What is the purpose of anodizing aluminum alloy propeller blades?
What is the purpose of shot peening?
What is the purpose of shot peening?
In composite propeller construction, what material is commonly used to form the blade profile?
In composite propeller construction, what material is commonly used to form the blade profile?
What are the types of propeller mounting installations?
What are the types of propeller mounting installations?
What is the function of the keyway in a tapered propeller shaft installation?
What is the function of the keyway in a tapered propeller shaft installation?
For a flanged propeller installation, how the propeller properly secured?
For a flanged propeller installation, how the propeller properly secured?
What type of gauge is used to check splined shaft wear?
What type of gauge is used to check splined shaft wear?
When installing a propeller, in addition to being fully torqued, what percentage of blue ink transfer should there be to a propeller hub?
When installing a propeller, in addition to being fully torqued, what percentage of blue ink transfer should there be to a propeller hub?
Which propeller type has blades that can have their pitch altered while the propeller is rotating?
Which propeller type has blades that can have their pitch altered while the propeller is rotating?
What is the function of a propeller governor?
What is the function of a propeller governor?
What is 'feathering' a propeller?
What is 'feathering' a propeller?
Which is the effect of 'reversing' a propeller?
Which is the effect of 'reversing' a propeller?
When does 'Alpha mode' come into effect?
When does 'Alpha mode' come into effect?
What is the primary purpose of a propeller synchronizing system?
What is the primary purpose of a propeller synchronizing system?
How does synchrophasing differ from simple synchronizing with respect to propeller operation?
How does synchrophasing differ from simple synchronizing with respect to propeller operation?
In a turboprop engine with FADEC, what operational mode is typically engaged during the engine start sequence while the aircraft is on the ground, and the condition lever is set to 'run'?
In a turboprop engine with FADEC, what operational mode is typically engaged during the engine start sequence while the aircraft is on the ground, and the condition lever is set to 'run'?
What term is used to describe systems designed to prevent the formation of ice on propellers?
What term is used to describe systems designed to prevent the formation of ice on propellers?
To protect wooden propeller blades, what does the text indicate should be secured around the tip and along the leading edge?
To protect wooden propeller blades, what does the text indicate should be secured around the tip and along the leading edge?
Why is it essential to limit engine operation in a critical range as indicated by a red arc shown on an engine’s tachometer?
Why is it essential to limit engine operation in a critical range as indicated by a red arc shown on an engine’s tachometer?
What should always prevent any one side of double-action Hydromatic propellers?
What should always prevent any one side of double-action Hydromatic propellers?
Flashcards
What is Lift?
What is Lift?
Aerodynamic force caused when air flows over an aerofoil.
What is Drag?
What is Drag?
Force opposing thrust, caused by airflow disruption over an aerofoil.
What is Thrust?
What is Thrust?
A forward-acting force, reaction to mass of air accelerated rearwards.
What is Total Reaction?
What is Total Reaction?
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What is Blade Angle?
What is Blade Angle?
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What is a Propeller Datum Point?
What is a Propeller Datum Point?
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What is the Angle of Attack?
What is the Angle of Attack?
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What is Blade Twist?
What is Blade Twist?
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What is Propeller Pitch?
What is Propeller Pitch?
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What is Propeller Slip?
What is Propeller Slip?
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What is Propeller Torque?
What is Propeller Torque?
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What is Propeller Slipstream?
What is Propeller Slipstream?
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What is Contra-Rotating Effect?
What is Contra-Rotating Effect?
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What is Centrifugal Force?
What is Centrifugal Force?
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Centrifugal Twisting Moment
Centrifugal Twisting Moment
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Aerodynamic Twisting Moment (ATM)
Aerodynamic Twisting Moment (ATM)
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What is Torque Bending Force?
What is Torque Bending Force?
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What is Thrust Bending Force?
What is Thrust Bending Force?
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What is Force Coupling?
What is Force Coupling?
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What is a Leading Edge?
What is a Leading Edge?
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What is a Trailing Edge?
What is a Trailing Edge?
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What is the Blade Back?
What is the Blade Back?
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What is the Blade Face?
What is the Blade Face?
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What is the Chord Line?
What is the Chord Line?
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What are Blade Stations?
What are Blade Stations?
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What is the Hub Assembly?
What is the Hub Assembly?
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What is the Blade Butt?
What is the Blade Butt?
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What is the Blade Shank?
What is the Blade Shank?
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What is the Blade?
What is the Blade?
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What is the Blade Tip?
What is the Blade Tip?
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What are Propeller Blade Cuffs?
What are Propeller Blade Cuffs?
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What is Laminated Timber?
What is Laminated Timber?
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What is Leading-Edge Sheathing?
What is Leading-Edge Sheathing?
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What are Steel Propellers?
What are Steel Propellers?
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What is Anodising?
What is Anodising?
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What is Shot Peening?
What is Shot Peening?
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What are Composites?
What are Composites?
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What is a Tractor Propeller?
What is a Tractor Propeller?
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What is a Pusher propeller?
What is a Pusher propeller?
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Study Notes
Propeller Fundamentals I (17.1) - Learning Objectives
- Propeller blade element theory should be described.
- High and low blade angle should be described.
- Reverse propeller angle should be described.
- Propeller angle of attack should be described.
- Propeller rotational speed should be described.
- Propeller slip should be described.
Propeller Forces
- Lift aerodynamic force is caused by air flowing over an aerofoil.
- The aerofoil shape of a propeller increases airflow velocity over its cambered surface, reducing pressure above it.
- Decreased pressure above and higher pressure below generate upward force, called lift
- In propellers it forms the basis of blade element theory
- A blade element is any randomly selected area of the blade aerofoil.
- Drag opposes thrust and is caused by airflow disruption or impact on an aerofoil.
- Thrust is the forward-acting force, as the reaction to the mass of air being accelerated rearwards
- Felt on the blade face
- Forms the basis of momentum theory for propellers (Newton’s Third Law of Motion)
- Momentum is motion quantity of a moving body, measured as the product of its mass and velocity.
- Total reaction is the resultant of lift and drag + thrust and torque.
- The propeller acts as a rotating wing, with both pairs of forces acting on the blade simultaneously.
- Increasing rotational speed increases forces equally, blade tip speed however must stay below the speed of sound.
Effects on Propeller Thrust
- Blade angle is the angle between chord line and the plane of rotation, commonly measured in degrees.
- Measuring blade angle requires a datum point due to angle decrease from root to tip.
- The datum point is generally 75% of the radius from the propeller hub center.
- Aircraft Maintenance Manual (AMM) and Aircraft Type Certificate provide definitive angles and positions for the task.
- Sensenich propeller M74DMS5-2-60 has a 74 inch diameter and a 60 inch pitch at the 75% station.
- Angle of attack is the angle between the chord line and relative wind/airflow.
- Optimal angle of attack 2-4° allows compression, then expansion of incoming air as it leaves the trailing edge, creating thrust.
- Angle of attack is affected by aircraft's True Air Speed (TAS) and propeller's rotational speed (rpm).
- Blade twist compensates for increasing speed further from the hub.
- Blades are manufactured with a gradual twist from hub to tip to ensure constant 2-4° angle of attack is maintained.
- Maintaining gradual twist with blade angle decreasing towards the tip ensures the correct angle of attack.
- Shockwaves produced prevent the tip portion from producing thrust if the tip reaches the speed of sound.
- Pitch is the distance moved forward by the propeller in one revolution, varying with blade angles on variable pitch propellers.
- Slip is the difference between geometric pitch and effective pitch.
- Geometric pitch is the calculated distance propeller travels forward through a solid medium in one revolution.
- Effective pitch is the actual distance propeller travels forward in one revolution, moving through the air.
- If a propeller with a geometric pitch of 50 inches should move forward 50 inches per revolution through a solid medium in theory.
- If an aircraft moves forward only 35 inches per revolution in air, the effective pitch is 35 inches and the propeller is 70% efficient.
- Slip represents the loss of efficiency
- In practice, most propellers achieve 75-85% efficiency.
Propeller Fundamentals II (17.1)
- Propeller aerodynamic forces should be described..
- Propeller centrifugal forces should be described.
- Propeller thrust forces should be described.
- Propeller torque should be described.
- Relative airflow effect on propeller blade
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