Propeller Fundamentals and Forces

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of the aerofoil shape in propeller design?

  • To create drag and reduce airspeed.
  • To maintain constant pressure on both surfaces.
  • To evenly distribute pressure, preventing vibration.
  • To increase airflow velocity over the cambered surface, decreasing pressure and generating lift. (correct)

What force opposes thrust and is caused by the disruption of airflow over the propeller?

  • Lift
  • Centrifugal Force
  • Drag (correct)
  • Torque

Thrust is the reaction to the mass of air being accelerated rearwards. On what part of the propeller blade is this force primarily felt?

  • The blade shank
  • The blade face (correct)
  • The blade tip
  • The blade back

In the context of propellers, what two pairs of forces contribute to the total reaction?

<p>Lift and drag, thrust and torque (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes blade angle?

<p>It is usually measured in degrees between the chord line and plane of rotation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reference point is generally used when measuring blade angle?

<p>75% of the radius from the center of the hub (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the designation 'M74DMS5-2-60' for a Sensenich propeller, what does '-60' indicate?

<p>The pitch of the propeller is 60 inches at the 75% station. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the angle between the chord line of a propeller and the relative wind/airflow?

<p>Angle of attack (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a propeller reaching the speed of sound at the blade tips?

<p>Shockwaves produce vibration and prevent the tip portion from producing thrust. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is propeller pitch?

<p>The theoretical distance a propeller moves forward in one revolution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is propeller slip defined as?

<p>The difference between effective pitch and geometric pitch. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a propeller has a geometric pitch of 50 inches and an effective pitch of 35 inches, what is its efficiency, assuming no other losses?

<p>70% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of propeller torque on aircraft stability if the propeller is being driven anti-clockwise?

<p>It tends to roll the aircraft clockwise. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a rotating propeller's slipstream on the aircraft's fin?

<p>It imparts a rotational motion in the same direction as the propeller. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does fitting a contra-rotating propeller have on propeller torque and gyroscopic effect?

<p>Eliminates both torque and gyroscopic effect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What force tends to throw rotating propeller blades away from the propeller hub?

<p>Centrifugal force (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which force tends to rotate propeller blades toward a fine blade angle on variable pitch propellers?

<p>Centrifugal Twisting Moment (CTM) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which force attempts to move the propeller blades to a coarser blade angle?

<p>Aerodynamic Twisting Moment (ATM) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which force bends the propeller blades opposite to the direction of rotation?

<p>Torque bending force (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which force bends the blades forward as the aircraft is pulled through the air?

<p>Thrust bending force (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the angle of attack if forward velocity is maintained, but rotational velocity is increased?

<p>It increases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increased forward velocity on the relative airflow and angle of attack, if rotational velocity is maintained?

<p>The relative airflow increases, and the angle of attack decreases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most critical location for concentrations of vibrational stress on a propeller blade?

<p>6 inches from the blade tips. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Propeller blades are commonly constructed using what material?

<p>Wood, steel, aluminum alloy, or composite materials. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defines the leading edge of a propeller blade?

<p>The thick edge of the blade that first meets the air. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the chord line on a propeller?

<p>To determine propeller blade angles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the hub assembly?

<p>To attach the propeller to the engine and support the blades. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which description summarizes the purpose of propeller blade cuffs?

<p>Increase airflow to the engine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What material is commonly used for leading-edge sheathing on wooden propellers?

<p>Brass, Monel, Terneplate or Stainless steel (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of anodizing aluminum alloy propeller blades?

<p>To add extra protection and provide corrosion resistance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of shot peening?

<p>To distribute stresses more evenly in the surface and increase fatigue strength. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In composite propeller construction, what material is commonly used to form the blade profile?

<p>Composite material shell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of propeller mounting installations?

<p>Tapered shaft, flanged shaft, and splined shaft. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the keyway in a tapered propeller shaft installation?

<p>To 'index' the hub to the shaft during installation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For a flanged propeller installation, how the propeller properly secured?

<p>By Nuts and Bolts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of gauge is used to check splined shaft wear?

<p>A go-no-go gauge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When installing a propeller, in addition to being fully torqued, what percentage of blue ink transfer should there be to a propeller hub?

<p>approximately 70%. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which propeller type has blades that can have their pitch altered while the propeller is rotating?

<p>A Constant Speed Propeller (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a propeller governor?

<p>To maintain constant propeller speed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'feathering' a propeller?

<p>Rotating the blades to minimize drag after engine failure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is the effect of 'reversing' a propeller?

<p>Produces negative thrust for braking. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does 'Alpha mode' come into effect?

<p>Airborne (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a propeller synchronizing system?

<p>To reduce noise and vibration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does synchrophasing differ from simple synchronizing with respect to propeller operation?

<p>It controls both the rotational speed and relative phase between propeller blades. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a turboprop engine with FADEC, what operational mode is typically engaged during the engine start sequence while the aircraft is on the ground, and the condition lever is set to 'run'?

<p>Beta Mode (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe systems designed to prevent the formation of ice on propellers?

<p>Anti-icing systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To protect wooden propeller blades, what does the text indicate should be secured around the tip and along the leading edge?

<p>A metal shield. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to limit engine operation in a critical range as indicated by a red arc shown on an engine’s tachometer?

<p>Prevent damage to components by harmonic vibrations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should always prevent any one side of double-action Hydromatic propellers?

<p>Oil pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is Lift?

Aerodynamic force caused when air flows over an aerofoil.

What is Drag?

Force opposing thrust, caused by airflow disruption over an aerofoil.

What is Thrust?

A forward-acting force, reaction to mass of air accelerated rearwards.

What is Total Reaction?

Resultant of lift/drag and thrust/torque forces on propeller blade.

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What is Blade Angle?

The angle between the chord line and the plane of rotation.

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What is a Propeller Datum Point?

A measurement from the hub's center to 75% of the radius.

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What is the Angle of Attack?

The angle between the chord line and the relative wind/airflow.

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What is Blade Twist?

Gradual twist from hub to tip ensuring correct angle of attack.

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What is Propeller Pitch?

Distance the propeller moves forward in one revolution.

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What is Propeller Slip?

Difference between geometric and effective pitch.

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What is Propeller Torque?

Torque developed to drive the propeller.

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What is Propeller Slipstream?

Rotation imparted to the slipstream by the propeller.

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What is Contra-Rotating Effect?

Eliminates torque, slipstream, and gyroscopic effects.

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What is Centrifugal Force?

Force throwing blades away from the propeller hub.

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Centrifugal Twisting Moment

Force rotating blades to fine pitch on variable pitch propellers.

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Aerodynamic Twisting Moment (ATM)

Force moving propeller blades to a coarser blade angle

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What is Torque Bending Force?

Force due to air resistance bending the propeller blades.

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What is Thrust Bending Force?

Force bending the blades forward as aircraft moves through air.

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What is Force Coupling?

Severe stresses from centrifugal force and thrust near the hub.

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What is a Leading Edge?

Thick edge that first meets air as propeller rotates.

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What is a Trailing Edge?

Rear edge of the blade, where camber and thrust faces join.

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What is the Blade Back?

Curved face of propeller aerofoil joining leading and trailing edges.

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What is the Blade Face?

Flat side of propeller blade, where thrust is produced.

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What is the Chord Line?

Imaginary line through center of leading/trailing edge of aerofoil.

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What are Blade Stations?

Distances along blade length from hub outwards.

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What is the Hub Assembly?

Attaches propeller to engine and supports the blades.

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What is the Blade Butt?

Round root, propeller blade part fitting into propeller hub.

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What is the Blade Shank?

Cylindrical part of blade near blade root, thick for strength.

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What is the Blade?

Aerofoil part of propeller converting engine torque into thrust.

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What is the Blade Tip?

Propeller blade's portion farthest from the hub assembly.

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What are Propeller Blade Cuffs?

Restore round blade shank to aerofoil shape, increase airflow.

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What is Laminated Timber?

Timber fitted aircraft, hardwood glued with high-quality glue.

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What is Leading-Edge Sheathing?

Metal shield around tip/leading edge protecting wooden propeller blades.

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What are Steel Propellers?

Hollow blades constructed with ribs, sheets and foam within.

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What is Anodising?

Surface treatment adding extra protection to alloy blades.

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What is Shot Peening?

Finishing treatment distributing surface stresses evenly, increasing fatigue strength.

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What are Composites?

Special plastic resins reinforced with fiber or filaments.

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What is a Tractor Propeller?

Propeller is mounted in front of the engine powerplant.

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What is a Pusher propeller?

Mounted on a drive shaft from rear of engine - push aircraft forward.

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Study Notes

Propeller Fundamentals I (17.1) - Learning Objectives

  • Propeller blade element theory should be described.
  • High and low blade angle should be described.
  • Reverse propeller angle should be described.
  • Propeller angle of attack should be described.
  • Propeller rotational speed should be described.
  • Propeller slip should be described.

Propeller Forces

  • Lift aerodynamic force is caused by air flowing over an aerofoil.
  • The aerofoil shape of a propeller increases airflow velocity over its cambered surface, reducing pressure above it.
  • Decreased pressure above and higher pressure below generate upward force, called lift
    • In propellers it forms the basis of blade element theory
    • A blade element is any randomly selected area of the blade aerofoil.
  • Drag opposes thrust and is caused by airflow disruption or impact on an aerofoil.
  • Thrust is the forward-acting force, as the reaction to the mass of air being accelerated rearwards
    • Felt on the blade face
    • Forms the basis of momentum theory for propellers (Newton’s Third Law of Motion)
  • Momentum is motion quantity of a moving body, measured as the product of its mass and velocity.
  • Total reaction is the resultant of lift and drag + thrust and torque.
  • The propeller acts as a rotating wing, with both pairs of forces acting on the blade simultaneously.
  • Increasing rotational speed increases forces equally, blade tip speed however must stay below the speed of sound.

Effects on Propeller Thrust

  • Blade angle is the angle between chord line and the plane of rotation, commonly measured in degrees.
  • Measuring blade angle requires a datum point due to angle decrease from root to tip.
  • The datum point is generally 75% of the radius from the propeller hub center.
  • Aircraft Maintenance Manual (AMM) and Aircraft Type Certificate provide definitive angles and positions for the task.
  • Sensenich propeller M74DMS5-2-60 has a 74 inch diameter and a 60 inch pitch at the 75% station.
  • Angle of attack is the angle between the chord line and relative wind/airflow.
  • Optimal angle of attack 2-4° allows compression, then expansion of incoming air as it leaves the trailing edge, creating thrust.
  • Angle of attack is affected by aircraft's True Air Speed (TAS) and propeller's rotational speed (rpm).
  • Blade twist compensates for increasing speed further from the hub.
  • Blades are manufactured with a gradual twist from hub to tip to ensure constant 2-4° angle of attack is maintained.
  • Maintaining gradual twist with blade angle decreasing towards the tip ensures the correct angle of attack.
  • Shockwaves produced prevent the tip portion from producing thrust if the tip reaches the speed of sound.
  • Pitch is the distance moved forward by the propeller in one revolution, varying with blade angles on variable pitch propellers.
  • Slip is the difference between geometric pitch and effective pitch.
  • Geometric pitch is the calculated distance propeller travels forward through a solid medium in one revolution.
  • Effective pitch is the actual distance propeller travels forward in one revolution, moving through the air.
  • If a propeller with a geometric pitch of 50 inches should move forward 50 inches per revolution through a solid medium in theory.
  • If an aircraft moves forward only 35 inches per revolution in air, the effective pitch is 35 inches and the propeller is 70% efficient.
  • Slip represents the loss of efficiency
  • In practice, most propellers achieve 75-85% efficiency.

Propeller Fundamentals II (17.1)

  • Propeller aerodynamic forces should be described..
  • Propeller centrifugal forces should be described.
  • Propeller thrust forces should be described.
  • Propeller torque should be described.
  • Relative airflow effect on propeller blade

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