Pronouns: Possessive, Adjectives, Reflexive

Pronouns: Possessive vs. Possessive Adjectives

• Possessive adjectives include my, our, your, his/her/its, and their.
• Possessive pronouns include mine, ours, yours, his/hers, and theirs.
• Use the possessive adjective "your" instead of the possessive pronoun "yours", as in "your company."
• Replace "Their" with "Theirs" when indicating possession, for example, "Theirs is the best offer."
• "Its" is a possessive adjective while "it's" is a contraction of "it is", and is a pronoun + verb.

Reflexive Pronouns

• Reflexive pronouns include myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, and themselves.
• Use reflexive pronouns after verbs like absent, present, adapt, adjust, acquit, exert, apply, hurt, prostrate, submit, resign, reconcile, introduce, avail, amuse, enjoy, satisfy, avenge and pride.
• When the verb "introduced" requires an object, use a reflexive pronoun
• When a transitive verb such as "prostrated" requires an object, use "himself" after it.
• Use 'themselves' instead of ‘himself’ when referring to multiple subjects such as minister and cabinet members.

Each/Either/Neither

• The structure "Each/Either/Neither + of + Noun (plural) + Verb (singular) + Pro/Adj (Singular)" applies.
• Use "has" instead of "have" and "his" instead of "their" in sentences starting with "Each of the boys".
• With "each of these 5 students", use "has" instead of "have."
• Use "was" instead of "were" with "neither of them."

Out of Class Comparison

• In "out of class" comparisons, use the "that of" construction.
• When comparing "The air of Delhi" to "Mumbai," use "that of" to compare it to "the air of Mumbai."
• Use "that of" to compare the speed of one car to the speed of another.
• To express "speed of your car" use "That of yours."
• When comparing Rohit's sense of humour to Rahul's, "Rahul's" is sufficient without repeating "sense of humour."

Relative Pronouns

• Use "Who/Whom" to refer to human beings.
• "Which" refers to things or clauses.
• Use "That" to emphasize human beings or things.
• "What" introduces noun clauses.
• Use "whom" instead of "who" when referring to the object of a verb or preposition.
• Use 'who' instead of 'whom' when it functions as the subject of the verb.
• Use 'that' rather than 'who' when introducing a clause.
• Use "what" instead of "that" to refer to something unspecified.
• Relative pronouns agree in number with their antecedent; use "their" instead of "his" if the antecedent is plural.
• Use "have" instead of "has" with a plural antecedent like "novels."
• Use "has" instead of "have" to modify "one of the girls".

Pronouns: 'One'

• When the subject is 'one', use pronoun and adjective forms like 'one's' and 'oneself', not 'his' and 'himself'.
• Use "one's" instead of "his" to show possession with 'one'.
• Use 'oneself' instead of 'himself' when referring back to 'one'.

Pronouns: All, Some, Most, A lot, Lots, plenty

• Expressions such as "All, Some, Most, A lot, Lots, plenty, (20%,30%, One third, Two Fifths) + of + Noun + Verb" apply.
• When referring to some of the students, use 'were' instead of 'was'.
• Use 'has' instead of 'have' with 'half of the class.'
• Use "were" instead of "was" to describe "all of the chairs."

Pronouns: Comparison

• When comparing pronouns, compare subject to subject and object to object.
• Use 'he' instead of 'him' in comparisons, for example, "You are stronger than he."
• Use the subjective case 'I' instead of the objective case 'me' in comparisons.

Objective Case after Prepositions

• After words such as between, with, besides, including, excluding, but, like, unlike, together with, along with, as well as, and not, in addition to, rather than, accompanied by, no less than, and nothing but, use the objective case.
• Use 'me' after 'and' when 'between' forms part of the sentence.
• Use 'him' instead of 'he' after 'but'.

Participles

• Distinguish between present and past participles.
• "Confusing" describes something that causes confusion, while "confused" describes a state of being.
• Use ‘interesting' rather than ‘interested' to describe a novel.
• Use 'lost' instead of 'losing' to describe a book.

Articles of Speech

• 'Little' (negative), A little (positive), The little (whole)
• Remove 'a' before 'little'.
• Remove 'the' before 'few'.

Adjectives

• There are adjective rules to follow.
• 'Later' refers to time, while 'latter' refers to the second of two things.
• 'Farther' refers to distance, while 'further' means "in addition to".
• 'Good' is an adjective, while 'well' is an adverb.
• 'Bad' is an adjective, while 'ill' is an adverb.
• Use ‘latter' instead of 'later' when referring to the second option of two choices.
• Use “later' rather than “latter’ when referring to a point in time
• Use 'further' to indicate more information or discussion, rather than "farther".
• Use 'farther' instead of 'further' when referring to physical distance.
• Use 'good' instead of 'well' to describe how a restaurant serves food.
• Use 'well' to describe how a meeting went in something like "it didn't go well".
• Use 'ill' instead of 'well' to describe how badly someone was treated in something like "he was grossly ill treated."
• Use "bad" instead of "ill" to refer to making choices, as an adjective not an adverb.
• 'Far' goes with 'how', and 'a long way' is positive.

Adjectives- The Rules

• The correct degree of adjective needs to be in line with the idea of the sentence. – Use 'wiser' instead of 'wise' when comparing to the adjective.
• Use the phrase ‘better’ when comparing, not best’.
• To relate to available options, not just one, use ‘smallest’ not ‘smaller’

Verb Tense and Form

• Rules around verbs and the correct tense, as well as verb form.
• There is a difference between -Fall Fell Fallen Falling (Girna), and Fell Felled Felled Felling (Giraana).
• There is the difference between – Rise Rose Risen Rising (uthna/badhna/ugna), and Raise Raised Raised Raising (uthaana/badhaana/paalna)
• There’s also, Lie Lay Lain Lying (letna ya pade hona), versus Lay Laid Laid Laying (letaana ya rakhana)
• Use - felled’ instead of 'fell' to denote when you have sprained an ankle.
• To denote and Earth Quake, ‘fell’ is to be used.
• The word “risen’ needs to be used opposed to ‘raised’ when alluding to something that is one of the best.
• If temperatures are on the rise, then ‘raise’ awareness, should be used.
• When in a park and you feel sick, lay',- should be used.
• Use ‘laid’ when expressing ‘lain’ There are similar rules to Wed, Cost Set, Bet, Bid, Thrust, Hit, Cut, Slit, Spread, Read, Burst, Quit, Shut, Shed,Cast, Rid, Telecast, Broadcast, Overcast, Forecast etc.
• Use ‘shut’ instead of 'shutted',, and for broadcast’ over ‘broadcasted’

Verb- Adj Form

Past participle is also about turning verbs into adjectives.

• Sink, Sank, Sunk, Sunken (Dubaya)- describes something sunken in past tense.
• Shrink, Shrank, Shrunk, Shrunken (Sikuda hua), describes something shrunken in past tense.
• Strike, Struck, Struck, Stricken (Mara hua)- describes a stricken past event.
• Get, Got, Got, Gotten (Prapt hua)- Describes an action in past tense
• Melt, Melted, Melted, Molten (pighlaya hua)- something molten
• Shave, Shaved, Shaved, Shaven (Shave kiya hua) Prove, Proved, Proved, Proven (prove hua) Shear, Sheared, Sheared, Shorn (Oon utri hui) Drink, Drank, Drunk, Drunk/Drunken (Piya hua) Load, Loaded, Loaded, Loaded/laden (lada hua) As there verbs turn into adjectives.

Molten Vs Melted, molten’ some gold should turn into ‘melted’ some to stay grammatically correct' Proven Vs Proved, 'proved' should be used as the correct sentence structure.

Verb Tenses

Verb Tenses can be defined as: Present participle vs Past participle

• Horrified man = draa hua admi,
• Horrifying man = drawnaa admi It’s important to remove ‘am” and replace with ‘remember’ instead of remembering’ for correct verb form When using, Make, Choose, Elect, Select, Anoint, Appoint, Name, Call, Think, Consider etc, avoid the word “as” after these verbs.

Passive and Active Verbs

There are rules when looking at Active versus Passive Speech.

• It needs to be correct.
• Passive voice is good when the subject is being acted upon
• Active voice sounds good when the subject is doing the action
• Hence, ‘was being treated is correct instead of ‘testing’ '

Verb Rules Reminder

Important tips to note on rules to remember and to follow include.

• Used to + Base form of verb [Past habit]
• Be + used + to + gerund [habit of past or present / meaning:- aadi ho jana]
• Be + used + infinitive [use kiya jana/passive]

It important to remove ‘to’ in sentences, such at : You need, How dare and You do not need.

Verb Modals

Verb modals also need to follow the subject of speech with some rules.

• Modals can be Can – Ability, Informal request, Negative possibility.
• Polite request with modals can include May - Polite request, Both Positive and Negative Possibility.
• Modal’s can also include Could - Polite request, Remote possibility, past of can, and Might - Less possibility, past of may
• Use ‘Can’ when replacing ‘may
• “Might’ and ‘Could’ needs to be respectively use.
• Modal’s such as ‘should’ also need to be follow through.
• There are specific cases that need modals such as - Would - Polite request, past habit, past of will
• Ought to - moral advice, Should - General advice, Must - obligation, very high possibility.
• With very high possibility , Must - obligation, should be implemented, or use other options.

NOUNS

• Rules around the noun’s and how they apply to number and singular and plurals.
• Don't use a, an, one, two, these, those, many, or s/es with these nouns.
• Act like a material noun :- Bread, Soap, Shampoo, Sand, Iron, Paper, Hair, Brick, Food, Grass, Garbage, Filth etc.
• Act like an Abstract noun :- Scenery, Machinery, Jewellery, Cutlery, Crockery, Stationery, Luggage, Baggage, Money, Evidence, Equipment, furniture Advice,Work, Music, Information, knowledge, Wealth etc- Others - Business, Research, Abuse, Percentage, Alphabet.
• This means when writing and alluding to Noun , they need to be singular such as baggage, and equipment’

More Rules About Nouns

It’s important to check on more noun rules, as there are concepts to be considered

• Noun’s look plural and are often in singular with these examples. (a) Some subjects name: - Physics, Mathematics, Economics, politics etc. (b) Some Games name: - Billiards, Darts, Athletics, Dominoes etc. (c) Disease name: - Rickets, Measles, Mumps, Diabetes, Rabies, Shingles. (d) Others: - Innings, News, Summons etc- This mean words like maths are not mathematical.

Some nouns that

• are used as plural nouns include: Always exist in pair :- Scissors, Tongs, Pliers, Pincers, Bellows, Trousers, Pants,Pyjamas, Shorts, Fangs, Spectacles, Glasses, Opticals, Binoculars, Scales,Gallows, Fetters, Shackles.Compliments, Thanks, Congratulations, Regards,(c)Valuables, Eatables, Belongings, Goods, Surroundings, Movables, As there are correct grammar styles to work with and in.

There all so concept ideas with Some nouns that look singular but are plural: - Cattle, Vermin, Police, Gentry, Peasantry, Children, People, Poultry, Cavalry, Clergy,Infantry etc.With poultry and cattle being among them and are very important. There also many same singular and plural forms: -Deer, Sheep, Fish, Species, Series, Aircraft, Vacation, Offspring, Issue, Whereabouts,Headquarters, Wages, Means etc are key

Here are some other rules

• When it is salary, use verb plural-
• Result/outcome = verb singular or plural according to the meaning
• income/resources' = verb plural
• channel/Medium' = verb singular or plural according to the meaning

Compound noun are also crucial to define:

• SINGULAR
• Brother in law, Commander in chief,Step daughter,General Manager,Book Shelf, Code of conduct, Officer in charge, Maid servant
• PLURAL= Brothers in law, Commanders in chief,Step daughters,General Managers,Book Shelves, Codes of conduct, Officers in charge, Maid servants

Collective Nouns

NOUN Collective noun:- Group of people, Crowd/ mob Group of stars, Cluster/Constellation Group of trees, Groove/Clump Group of flower, Garland/Bouquet Group of Bees/ flies, swarm Group of puppies, Litter Group of Directors, Board (verb-plural) Group of singers, Choir Group of keys/ grapes, Bunch Group of cats, Clowder Group of cards/ Wolves/ hounds, Pack Collective nouns:- are also rules. Group of carriages/followers, Train Group of bullets / shots, Volley Group of students, Class Group of servants, Retinue Group of laws, Code Group of sailors, Crew Group of sheep, Herd Groups of merchants/ travellers, Caravan Group of mountains/ hills, Range Group of Girls/ Women/officers, Bevy Group of Steps/Stairs/Birds, Flight A collection or cluster of nouns can be: Group of Geese/Sheep/Birds, Flock Group of robbers/ criminals, Gang Group of Stones/ruins, Heap Group of shoes/ scissors,Pair Group of Corn/arrows, Sheaf Religious Group, Congregation Group of horses/ Scouts/soldiers-, Troop Group of events, Series Group of discussing people, Forum Group of fish/ Whales, School

There rules for Collective Noun

• Use clowder’ instead of 'group of cats'
• Use ‘swarm' instead of 'group of bees'
• Use ' caravan of merchants'

Noun- Subject rule

• If a person or thing is being compared with a group, he or it should not be a part of that group
• Use 'all the other boys' for clarity
• Use 'I think no other animal' instead of 'I think no animal', for example.

Apostrophe rules and guide.

• Use apostrophe ('s) only with latter noun if two nouns which have possession on the same thing are joined by conjunction 'and'.
• Apostrophe ('s) is allowed with some pronouns also. everybody, somebody,nobody, everyone, someone, one and ect,.

Degrees of Adjectives

Don't use more with comparative degree adjectives and most with superlative degree adjectives. For example

• “much/far'” instead of “more’

NOUN Practice

Noun practice is essential If the noun 'reason' is used in a sentence, don't use conjunction 'because' instead use ‘that'. Don't use conjunction 'Supposing' and 'if' together Otherwise, there can be problems.

##Verbs and More

The Tenses

Tenses also must take correct form in terms of construction. Indefinite, Vs Continuous ,vs Perfect, and Perfect Continuous.

Rules that Matter

• If the following words are used as a subject in a statement, use ‘they' in in the question tag. Each, either, neither, none, no one, everybody, nobody, anybody, everyone, anyone, all.any, etc
• There are rules pertaining to Many + Noun (plural) + verb (plural) Many a + Noun (singular) + verb (singular) A great/good many + Noun(plural)

• verb (plural)

A number of Noun (plural) + verb (plural) The number of + Noun (plural) + verb (singular)’

• Use ‘those" in place of the definite article
• That is the difference between saying someone looks like it versus that they can actually do it.

Conditional Statements

Important are the rules when using conditional statements. Such as, If you come late, I will punish you, If + (Present Indefinite) + Future Indefinite If I werea bird, I would fly to Switzerland, If + (V2/were + noun/had + noun) + (would/could/might + Vb) If you had studied harder, you would have passed the exam, If+ (Had + V3) + (would /could/might + Have + V3) These rules should be applied and maintained with care.

Prepositions

• The use of prepositions and correct structures of prepositions When to use a preposition and a lot of which ones are for correct grammar. You are never supposed to Don't use Preposition with these verbs. Meet, Join, Obey, Violate, Ask, Kid, Tell, Inform, Remind, Warn, Thank, Advise,Reach, Resist, Resemble, Attack, Afford, Demand, Comprise, Investigate, Enter, Flee,Explain, Describe, Discuss, Disobey, Order, Stress, Emphasize, Await, Despise, etc.
• With some exception ofcourse Don't use preposition to after these verbs when they are followed by an indirect object (human being):- Ask, Beg, Inform, Advise, Allow, Call, Assure, Apprise, Remind, Warn, Thank, Wish, Order, Request, Invite, Forbade, Welcome, Congratulate, Compliment, etc

Conjunctions

There are rules on Conjunctions as well you need to have a grip on, Here are those Conjunction concepts: (a) Co-relative conjunctions join the words of same rank :-Either - orNot only - but alsoNeither - norBoth - and (b) Co-relative conjunction pair :-Hardly/scarcely – whenNo sooner – than

(c) Co - relative conjunction pair :-Although/though - yet,‘,‘So - as (negative)As - As (positive/negative) (d) Co - relative conjunction pair :-Such - as (jo, jisne) (Relative Pronoun)Such – that (ki) (Conjunction)