Pronouns and Gerunds

Pronouns

• The pronominal form of "another" is "another" or "another one".
• "Another" replaces a phrase where the adjective "another" modifies a singular noun.
• If "the other" modifies a singular noun, it changes to "the other one" when the noun is replaced.
• The pronominal form of "other" is "others".
• "Others" replaces a phrase where the adjective "other" modifies a plural noun.
• "the others" is used to be more specific.
• "Each other" and "one another" express reciprocity.

Gerunds

• Gerunds are verb forms functioning as nouns, formed by adding "-ing" to the base verb (e.g., talking, running).
• Gerunds can act as subjects or objects in a sentence.
• Example as subject: "Working has never been John's strong point."
• Example as object: "I enjoy working at the plant, but I prefer gardening."
• Gerunds function differently from present participles.

Distinguishing Gerunds from Present Participles

• Present participles are part of progressive verb phrases and follow the auxiliary verb "be."
• Gerunds are used as nouns

The Possessive

• In formal English, nouns/pronouns preceding a gerund are in possessive form (e.g., Tara's letting).
• In casual English, object form is common (e.g., Tara letting).
• The possessive construction is preferred.

Conjunctions

• Conjunctions connect words, phrases, and clauses.

Coordinating Conjunctions

• Connect words/groups of the same grammatical type.
• These are: and, but, or, yet, for, so, and nor.
• Place the conjunction between the last two elements in a series, separated by commas.
• Connect infinitives and infinitive phrases.
• Precede a coordinating conjunction with a comma when connecting independent clauses.
• The comma can be omitted if the subject, verb or auxiliary is the same in both clauses.

Conjunctions and Their Meaning

• But and yet indicate contrast.
• Or indicates a choice or alternatives.
• Nor connects negative statements and often inverts subject/verb.
• For is synonymous with because and expresses cause-and-effect.
• So is similar to therefore and expresses cause-and-effect.

Correlative Conjunctions

• Correlative conjunctions follow same rules as coordinating conjunctions but are composed of two parts. Examples:
• both ... and
• not only ... but also
• either ... or
• neither ... nor
• With "not only...but also," "either...or," and "neither...nor," the subject closer to the verb determines the verb's number (singular/plural).
• When connected with "both...and," the verb is always plural.

Subordinating Conjunctions

• Connect dependent (subordinate) clauses to independent clauses. After, although, as, as if, as though, because, before, even if, even though, except, if, now that, since, than, though, unless, until, when, where, while.
• They indicate the action of the dependent clause in relation to the action of the independent clause.
• Punctuation is not required before subordinating conjunctions that express time, if the conjunction follows the independent clause.
• Relative pronouns (who, whom, that, which, whose) function like subordinating conjunctions by introducing dependent clauses.
• "Than" can be a subordinating conjunction in elliptical clauses.

Adverbs that act as Conjunctions

• Conjunctive adverbs connect independent clauses and act as adverbs. Afterwards, anyway, besides, consequently, eventually, finally, for example, for instance, however, instead, later, likewise, nevertheless, next, now,otherwise, still, therefore, thus, unfortunately, then.

Prepositions

• Prepositional phrases use a preposition and its object (noun or pronoun).
• Relationships of place, time, and ownership are described by prepositional phrases. Examples:
• About, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, despite, down, during, for, from, in, into, like, near, of, off, on, over, out, since, through, throughout, till, to, toward, under, until, up, with , within, without.

Compound Prepositions

• Multiple words function as a single preposition, followed by a noun or pronoun object. Examples:
• ahead of, as far as, because of, by means of, contrary to, in addition to, in back of, in case of , in lieu of, in light of, in regard to, in spite of, instead of.

Using Between and Among

• "Between" expresses a choice involving two people/things
• While "among" expresses a choice involving more than two.

Technical Terms for Translation

• OLEDs (Organic Light Emitting Diodes): new technology in electronics.

Pill Camera

• A camera in pill shape used for treatments (cancer, anemia, ulcers).
• It travels inside the body to capture images and sends them to a receiver without harming any parts.

Plastic Solar Cell Technology

• Converts sun energy into electricity, can work even in cloudy weather.

Iris Recognition

• Automatic biometric identification using mathematical prototype identification on iris video images.

E-Waste

• Unusable electrical/electronic devices.
• Hazardous due to toxic chemicals (lead, mercury, cadmium) leaking from buried metals.

Smart Note Taker

• Smartpen used for taking easy/fast notes, storing them within the pen and taking note of conversations, helping blind people and busy individuals.

Optical Ethernet

• Physical layer in LAN using fiber optic cable to transmit data and connect switches/internet.

Technical Limitations of Data Centers

• Core networking demands exceed data rates, limited capacity for routing, switching, aggregation within huge data centers, current rate is 1 Gb/s
• To over come the limitations optical Ethernet is implemented which is extended from LANs to MANs & WANs.

Honeypot

• Computer system used to monitor hacker changes and imitate cyberattack targets to detect attacks/gather data on cybercriminals.

Metamorphic Robots

• Robotic system with independent mechatronic modules that attach, separate, move over neighbors, and reconfigure dynamically without human involvement.

Spectrum Pooling

• Spectrum Management: Multiple radio spectrum users coexist in one radio spectrum space.
• A way to send RF among two systems without clashes.

Microbivores

• Nanomedical device/nanorobot with oblate spheroidal shape.
• Contains billions of atoms/molecules for antimicrobial functions within patients.

Polytronics

• Study of polymeric materials in electronics, an alternative to Silicon (Si) due to lower cost, easier manufacturing, reusability/recyclability, lower power consumption, smaller size/weight.
• Used to design display devices for outstanding image quality in flexible electronics.

Cloud Computing for E-Commerce

• Used in sectors like healthcare, e-learning, and e-commerce.
• Provides online services at less cost efficiently.

E-Textile

• Cloth material that conducts electrical energy, designed with electronic components to detect changes/reacts to the surroundings.
• Can have features like sensing, communication, and powering sensors.

Electronic Skin

• Very thin electronic patch like tattooed skin that replaces sensitive areas on people's skin, detects brain signals, heart activity, and touch.
• Measures pollution, temperature, pressure, etc.

Engineering Abbreviations

• AA Aluminum Association

• AC Asphalt Concrete

• AG Agricultural Pipe Drain

• BLK Block Work

• BSP British Standard Pipe

• CFW Continuous Fillet Weld

• FSBW Full Strength Butt Weld

• FTP Fibre Termination Panel (fibre optical cable)

• FW Fillet Weld

• HR Hot Rolled

• HV Vickers Hardness

• LGX Line Group Cross (Connector, fibre optical cable)

• LPG Liquid Petroleum Gas

• MS Mild Steel

• PL Plate

• SS or S/S Stainless Steel

• TC Tungsten Carbide

• TUN Tundish

• UA Unequal Angle (steel)

• UB Universal Beam (steel)

• UC Universal Column (steel)

• WB Welded Beam (steel)

• WC Welded Column (steel)

• Z Zulu (Greenwich Mean Time) or Z-shaped steel purlin

• A Ampere

• AHU Air Handler Unit

• APPROX Approximately

• ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange

• BTM Bottom

• CL Center Line

• CLR Clearance

• CMU Cement Masonry Unit

• CTR: Center

• DN Diameter Nominal

• EQ: Equal

• FLFluid

• FootFoot

• HOR or HORIZHorizontal

• kHzKilohertz

• KWhKiloWatt Hour

• LH: Left hand

• HP: Horsepower

• M: Metres

• MAX Maximum

• MHZ Megahertz

• MIN Minimum

• MM Millimetres

• NS Near Side

• R or RAD: Radius or radial

• RH Right Hand

• SQ: Square

• TEMPTemperature

• THK: Thick

• V: Volt

• VER or VERT: Vertical

• W: Watt

• Yd Yard

American Idioms and Phrases

• About: Similar to "concerning" or "of"

• Example: "This is a story about lions."

• About: Approximately

• "His daughter is about 18 years old.”

• About: About- Ready to begin action (followed by an infinitive)

• "John's father was about to leave…."

• Abroad/To Go Abroad: Traveling to another country

• Example: "They love to go abroad."

• Located in a foreign country: Her brother is still abroad"

• To Be Afraid: Feels Fear

• I'm afraid I cant help you today."

• All Over: ended or completed

• "It's all over. We can go home now."

• Not All There: weak-minded/unable to think clearly/ crazy.

• "He did not seem to be all there."

• To Answer: Opposite of ask or question

• "It was John came to the door."

• I’m in the shower .Someone else will have to the door.

• To Make A Beeline For: Headed directly toward some place. To Eat

• "Jack made a beeline for the cafeteria".

• All That (A Phrase for fun): Used to say you look great.

• "Anna is so pretty! She’s really all that. Stop telling I'm all that."

• To Bet One’s Bottom Dollar: Absolutely certain about something

• “I’d bet my bottom dollar that the Bulls will win”.

• On Behalf Of/On Someones Behalf - Doing something for someone else or in the place of -someone else

• To Have a Bone To Pick With Someone: Angry with someone wants to the speak them

• A Breath of Fresh Air: Use this idiom to say that a welcome change has taken place.

• "No one spoke at first, then all jokes came as a breath of fresh air" To Break the Ice:To to approach another person'

• A Chip off the Old Block: This strange combination of words means only that the son (rarely the daughter) is very much like the father

• A Cock-and-Bull Story: Use this expression to say that what someone has said is quite unbelievable and perhaps even a lie'

• To Come Across: These words mean to seem like.

• "She came across as rather stupid, but she was all best reader"

• To Brush up On This expression is used to say that someone should ( study or finally learn it correctl) I Better. You Need Too -“ study last chapter” need to Brush on Basic skill (soocer)'

• To Come To : Someone has (awakened) usually from an unconscious state or serious -illness.

• To Cope With : This phrase means that someone is handing a problem with difficulty. Example

• To Catch On understand I came to know well - After Long Trip So Quick at First Discovering (Talk'

• Hot!: This word is the meaning that someone is good looking".

• You know that this word is the to tell some one are You Sexy" • Under Ones Breath'This simply means in a whisper or (very Quietly' I"This film is So Very Film"" -You know This."