Questions and Answers
What is a significant risk associated with postdate pregnancy?
What is included in a biophysical profile?
What is the increased risk of pregnancy beyond 42 weeks?
What is a maternal risk associated with prolonged pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a cervical ripening agent?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an indication of cesarean section?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the increased risk of pregnancy beyond 44 weeks?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a method of fetal surveillance?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of a membrane sweep during induction of labor?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following pharmacological methods is used to ripen the cervix and induce contractions?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an indication for cesarean section in a case of multiple pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a fetal indication for cesarean section?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of using a combination of mechanical and pharmacological methods during induction of labor?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is an obstetric indication for cesarean section?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Prolonged Pregnancy
Postdate Pregnancy Risks
- Increased risk of stillbirth and fetal death
- Higher risk of meconium aspiration syndrome
- Increased risk of fetal distress and acidosis
- Placental insufficiency and fetal growth restriction
- Increased risk of instrumental delivery and cesarean section
Induction Methods
-
Cervical ripening agents:
- Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)
- Misoprostol
- Oxytocin
-
Mechanical methods:
- Artificial rupture of membranes (AROM)
- Foley bulb induction
- Double balloon catheter
-
Oxytocin augmentation:
- Used to stimulate contractions
- Dose and frequency vary depending on individual case
Fetal Surveillance
-
Biophysical profile:
- Ultrasound assessment of fetal movement, tone, and breathing
- Non-stress test (NST) and contraction stress test (CST)
-
Fetal heart rate monitoring:
- Non-stress test (NST) and contraction stress test (CST)
-
Modified biophysical profile:
- Combination of NST and ultrasound assessment of fetal movement and tone
Pregnancy Beyond 42 Weeks
-
Pregnancy beyond 42 weeks:
- Associated with increased risk of fetal mortality and morbidity
- Increased risk of meconium aspiration syndrome and fetal distress
-
Pregnancy beyond 44 weeks:
- Higher risk of stillbirth and fetal death
Maternal Risks
-
Increased risk of:
- Prolonged labor and instrumental delivery
- Cesarean section
- Postpartum hemorrhage
- Infection and endometritis
-
Maternal mortality:
- Increased risk with prolonged pregnancy
Indication of Cesarean Section
-
Fetal distress:
- Non-reassuring fetal heart rate patterns
- Fetal scalp pH <7.20
-
Umbilical cord prolapse:
- Cord compression or prolapse
-
Placental abruption:
- Vaginal bleeding and fetal distress
-
Maternal indication:
- Previous uterine surgery or rupture
- Multiple gestation or fetal macrosomia
Prolonged Pregnancy
Risks
- Increased risk of stillbirth and fetal death
- Higher risk of meconium aspiration syndrome
- Increased risk of fetal distress and acidosis
- Placental insufficiency and fetal growth restriction
- Increased risk of instrumental delivery and cesarean section
- Increased risk of maternal mortality
- Prolonged labor and instrumental delivery
- Postpartum hemorrhage
- Infection and endometritis
Induction Methods
Cervical Ripening Agents
- Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)
- Misoprostol
- Oxytocin
Mechanical Methods
- Artificial rupture of membranes (AROM)
- Foley bulb induction
- Double balloon catheter
Oxytocin Augmentation
- Stimulates contractions
- Dose and frequency vary depending on individual case
Fetal Surveillance
Biophysical Profile
- Ultrasound assessment of fetal movement, tone, and breathing
- Non-stress test (NST) and contraction stress test (CST)
Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring
- Non-stress test (NST) and contraction stress test (CST)
Modified Biophysical Profile
- Combination of NST and ultrasound assessment of fetal movement and tone
Pregnancy Beyond 42 Weeks
- Associated with increased risk of fetal mortality and morbidity
- Increased risk of meconium aspiration syndrome and fetal distress
- Higher risk of stillbirth and fetal death beyond 44 weeks
Indication of Cesarean Section
- Fetal distress
- Non-reassuring fetal heart rate patterns
- Fetal scalp pH
Induction of Labor
- Mechanical methods of induction include membrane sweep, artificial rupture of membranes (AROM), and Foley catheter insertion to dilate the cervix
- Pharmacological methods of induction include oxytocin to stimulate uterine contractions, prostaglandins to ripen the cervix and induce contractions, and misoprostol to ripen the cervix and induce contractions
- Combination methods involve using mechanical and pharmacological methods together to induce labor
Indications for Cesarean Section (CS)
Fetal Indications
- Fetal distress is an indication for CS, characterized by non-reassuring fetal heart rate or abnormal biophysical profile
- Macrosomia, estimated fetal weight > 4500g, is an indication for CS
- Abnormal fetal lie or presentation is an indication for CS
Maternal Indications
- Previous uterine surgery or CS is an indication for elective repeat CS
- Placenta previa or abruption is an indication for CS
- Multiple pregnancy is an indication for CS
Obstetric Indications
- Prolonged labor or failed induction is an indication for CS
- Cord prolapse is an indication for emergency CS
- Abnormal uterine activity or fetal heart rate is an indication for CS
Other Indications
- Maternal request or medical conditions such as hypertension or diabetes can be indications for CS
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Learn about the risks associated with postdate pregnancies, including stillbirth and fetal distress, and the methods used to induce labor, such as cervical ripening agents and mechanical methods.
