Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
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Questions and Answers

What is one primary function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in a cell?

  • Regulates the movement of water in and out of the cell
  • Acts as a barrier to protect the nucleus
  • Increases cell size by synthesizing lipids
  • Serves as a cytoplasmic framework for support (correct)

Which structure in eukaryotic cells is responsible for directing the cell's life processes?

  • Ribosomes
  • Plasma membrane
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Nucleus (correct)

What is the significance of the cell wall in plant cells?

  • It is responsible for cellular respiration
  • It helps in the storage of genetic information
  • It allows cells to withstand hypotonic conditions (correct)
  • It facilitates cell division

How many cells are produced by the process of meiosis?

<p>Four new cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of organelles are chromoplasts and leucoplasts?

<p>Membranous organelles in plant cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves two consecutive divisions to produce gametes?

<p>Meiosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?

<p>Modification and packaging of substances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of cells dividing through meiosis rather than mitosis?

<p>Daughter cells have half the chromosome number (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general size range of prokaryotic cells?

<p>1-10 μm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the nuclear region of a prokaryotic cell from that of a eukaryotic cell?

<p>It is well defined and lacks a nuclear membrane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organelles is involved in protein manufacture?

<p>Rough endoplasmic reticulum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is primarily associated with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

<p>Lipid manufacture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about eukaryotic cells is correct?

<p>They possess membrane-bound organelles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do organelles play in eukaryotic cells?

<p>They facilitate chemical activities and keep them separate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is primarily responsible for membrane biogenesis?

<p>Endoplasmic reticulum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of structure is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) described as?

<p>A large network of membrane-bound tubes and sheets. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells, responsible for protein synthesis and lipid manufacturing.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Type of ER studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis and modification.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Type of ER lacking ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.

Ribosomes

Small, dense particles found in the cytoplasm of cells, responsible for protein synthesis.

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Membrane Biogenesis

The process of forming new cell membranes, primarily carried out by the ER.

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Vesicles

Small, membrane-bound sacs that transport and store cellular products.

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Enzymes

Molecules that speed up chemical reactions in a cell. Some are proteins and lipids, manufactured by the ER.

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Hormones

Chemical messengers produced by the body that regulate various functions. Some are proteins and lipids, manufactured by the ER.

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What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an extensive network of interconnected membranes that serves as a highway for transporting materials within the cell, especially proteins. It also acts as a framework for the cytoplasm.

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What is the cell membrane and its function?

The cell membrane is a protective barrier that encloses the cell and controls the passage of substances in and out, ensuring a balanced internal environment. It is selectively permeable, allowing only certain molecules to pass through.

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What is the cell wall and its function?

The cell wall is a rigid outer layer found in plant cells, providing structural support and protection. It is composed mainly of cellulose, a complex sugar molecule. It also enables plant cells to survive in hypotonic environments without bursting.

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What is the nucleus and its function?

The nucleus is the control center of the eukaryotic cell, containing genetic material (DNA) that directs all cellular activities. It is enclosed by a double membrane separating it from the cytoplasm.

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What is mitosis and its function?

Mitosis is a type of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells from a single parent cell. This process plays a critical role in growth and repair of tissues.

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What is meiosis and its function?

Meiosis is another type of cell division that produces four daughter cells from a single parent cell, but these daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This process is essential for sexual reproduction, generating gametes (sperm and egg) with a unique combination of genes.

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What is the Golgi apparatus and its function?

The Golgi apparatus is a stack of membrane-bound vesicles that serves as a processing and packaging center for substances produced in the cell. It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other molecules before they are transported to their final destinations.

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What are plastids and their functions?

Plastids are large, membrane-bound organelles found in plant cells. They are responsible for various functions, including photosynthesis (chloroplasts), storage of pigments (chromoplasts), and storage of starch (leucoplasts).

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Study Notes

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

  • Size: Prokaryotic cells are generally small (1-10 μm), while eukaryotic cells are larger (5-100 μm).
  • Nuclear Region: Prokaryotic cells have a nuclear region that is not well-defined and not surrounded by a nuclear membrane. Eukaryotic cells have a well-defined nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
  • Chromosome: Prokaryotic cells have a single chromosome. Eukaryotic cells have more than one chromosome.
  • Membrane-bound organelles: Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles.

Cell Organelles

  • Cells need organelles to compartmentalize different chemical processes.
  • Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound structures called organelles.
  • Some organelles are only visible with an electron microscope.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

  • The ER is a large network of membrane-bound tubes and sheets.
  • It is similar in structure to the plasma membrane.
  • Two types of ER:
    • Rough ER (RER) has ribosomes attached to its surface, involved in protein synthesis. Proteins are then transported around the cell.
    • Smooth ER (SER) manufactures lipids, important for cell function and cell membrane building (membrane biogenesis). Some proteins and lipids also function as enzymes and hormones.
  • The ER acts as a pathway for transporting materials between parts of the cell and between the cell and the nucleus.
  • It provides a framework for the cytoplasm.

Cell Division

  • Mitosis: A cell division process creating two identical daughter cells. The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes as the mother cell. It is used for growth and repair.
  • Meiosis: A cell division process in reproductive cells. It creates four new cells, each with half the number of chromosomes compared to the mother cell. This is important for sexual reproduction.

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Description

Explore the fundamental differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in this quiz. Learn about their size, nuclear region, chromosomes, and the presence of membrane-bound organelles. Test your knowledge on cell organelles and the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum.

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