Questions and Answers
What is a limitation of the projected area method in structural design?
Which of these loads on suspended floors is the highest for horses?
What is the mass of maize, shelled, per cubic meter?
Which method is described as simple and satisfactory for most structures?
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Which load is applied per square meter for pigs on a slatted floor weighing 180 kg?
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Which of the following is the mass of silage per cubic meter?
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Which classification pertains to nails in relation to service?
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What is the load applied per square meter for loose housing for cattle?
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What is the recommended window area for sitting rooms and workrooms relative to the floor area?
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Which method is NOT suggested for shading windows in livestock housing?
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What happens to the allowable withdrawal load for nails driven into end grain compared to those driven into side grain?
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What is a primary objective of poultry housing?
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What essential element must be managed to prevent disease in poultry houses?
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What is the minimum temperature recommended for farrowing sows?
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Which formula is used to calculate the allowable withdrawal load for nails driven into seasoned wood?
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Which site condition is crucial for maintaining the effectiveness of poultry housing?
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Which animal type has the highest daily water requirement?
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What does the variable 'D' represent in the withdrawal load formula?
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For pigs in a cold climate, what is the recommended apparatus to use?
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Which of the following statements about the connection created by nails driven parallel to the grain is true?
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Why is drainage an important consideration when selecting a site for poultry housing?
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What does the variable 'M' represent in the bending stress formula?
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What space requirement is suitable for fattening hogs that weigh on average 750 lb?
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What is the main benefit of having plenty of sunlight in a poultry house?
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What is the standard floor area required for a breeding cow with or without a calf?
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What factor must be considered to achieve sanitary conditions in livestock housing?
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What is the main purpose of the compression force C in the moment resistance of a concrete section?
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Which of the following breeds has the lowest weight requirement in terms of square footage?
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What is the maximum horizontal shearing stress expressed as in the design formula?
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Which parameter is used to determine the allowable bending stress in a beam?
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What is a negative condition for hogs in housing?
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For the water consumption of pigs, what is the maximum gallons they can consume per day?
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What is the formula for the adjusted allowable compressive stress for long columns?
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In the design of axial tension members, which variable represents the allowable tensile stress?
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What does the variable J represent in the combined bending and axial compression equation?
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For a balanced design of a reinforced concrete beam, what is ideally triggered at the same time?
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Which formula represents the interaction of actual tensile stress and allowable tensile stress?
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In the context of reinforced concrete, what does the term 'd' refer to?
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For short columns, what is the value of the modifier J in the combined bending and axial compression formula?
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In the horizontal shear stress design formula, what does 'A' stand for?
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What does the symbol $ ext{As}$ represent in the context of reinforced concrete design?
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In a combined bending and axial tension condition, what must the sum of the ratios equal?
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What is the relationship between the moment resistance and the area of steel in a reinforced concrete section?
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Which of the following represents the formula for calculating the moment resistance using the compression force?
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What does the ratio p represent in the design of a reinforced concrete beam?
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What is the significance of the variable $ ext{fc}$ in reinforced concrete design?
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Study Notes
Projected Area Method
- Simple design method suitable for most structures.
- Not applicable to gable rigid frames or structures exceeding 200 ft in height.
Loads on Suspended Floors
- Cattle:
- Tie stalls: 3.4 kN/m²
- Loose housing: 3.9 kN/m²
- Young stock (180 kg): 2.5 kN/m²
- Sheep: 1.5 kN/m²
- Horses: 4.9 kN/m²
- Pigs:
- Slatted floor (90 kg): 2.5 kN/m²
- Slatted floor (180 kg): 3.2 kN/m²
- Poultry:
- Deep litter: 1.9 kN/m²
- Cages: Variable
- Repair shop allowance: 3.5 kN/m²
- Machinery storage allowance: 8 kN/m²
Mass of Farm Products
- Maize (shelled): 720 kg/m³
- Maize (ear): 450 kg/m³
- Wheat: 770 kg/m³
- Rice (paddy): 577 kg/m³
- Soybeans: 770 kg/m³
- Dry beans: 770 kg/m³
- Potatoes: 770 kg/m³
- Silage: 480-640 kg/m³
- Groundnuts (unshelled): 218 kg/m³
- Hay:
- Loose: 65-80 kg/m³
- Balled: 190-240 kg/m³
Nailed Connections
- Withdrawal from end grain is weak and not allowed in design.
- Allowable withdrawal load is calculated using:
- P = 1380 G².5D
- P: Allowable load (lb/in penetration)
- G: Specific gravity of wood
- D: Nail diameter (inches).
- Allowable load for common wire nails in end grain is half of that for side grain.
Design of Rectangular Wood Beams
- Bending Stress Formula:
- σb = M/S < σ'b
- σb: Actual bending stress, M: Maximum bending moment, S: Section modulus.
- Horizontal Shear Stress Formula:
- σV = (3/2)(V/A) < σ'V
- σV: Maximum shearing stress, V: Design shear, A: Cross-sectional area.
Columns
- Long column classification: k < SR < 50.
- Adjusted allowable compressive stress based on column type:
- Short: σ'C|| = σ''C||
- Intermediate: σ'C|| = σ''C|| [1 - (1/3)(SR/k)⁴]
- Long: σ'C|| = 0.30E/(SR)² where E is modulus of elasticity.
Design of Axial Tension and Combined Stress Members
- Tension Member Formula:
- σt = P/An < σ't
- An: Net cross-sectional area accounting for bolt holes.
- Combined Axial and Bending Stress Formula:
- (σt/σ't) + (σb/σ'b) < 1.0 for tension.
- [σC||/σ'C||] + [(σb/σ'b) - JσC||] < 1.0 for compression.
Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams
- Working Stress Design involves determining moment resistance and stress distribution.
- Key notations:
- b: Width of concrete compression zone,
- d: Effective depth,
- As: Area of reinforcing bars,
- p: Percentage of reinforcing,
- n: Elastic ratio.
Poultry Housing Considerations
- Purpose: Ensure comfort, health, production efficiency, and moisture removal.
- Site must protect against strong winds, provide good drainage, and allow for adequate sunlight.
- Recommended window area: 5-10% of floor area.
Livestock Housing
- General planning considerations include site location, space requirements, environment for productivity, and sanitation.
Swine Housing Spacing and Water Requirements
- Sow: 5-8 gallons/day; 48-80 sq.ft.
- Pigs: 0.5-1.5 gallons/day; 3-6 sq.ft.
- Fattening hogs: 1.5-3 gallons/day; 6-10 sq.ft.
Beef Cattle Housing
- Breeding cows with calves: 50 sq.ft.
- Calves: 30 sq.ft.
- Yearlings: 40 sq.ft.
- Fattening stock (average 750 lbs): Specific area needed per animal.
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Description
This quiz tests knowledge on the Projected Area Method, a straightforward approach for designing various structures. While effective for most, it has limitations, particularly with gable rigid frames and tall structures exceeding 200 feet. Test your understanding of its application and constraints.
