Project Management: Models

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes a project model?

  • A detailed operational manual for project execution.
  • A comprehensive list of project deliverables.
  • An exhaustive risk assessment report.
  • A simplified view of how a project should proceed and operate. (correct)

In a Scrum environment, which of the following elements represents a model?

  • The process of daily stand-up meetings.
  • The detailed sprint burndown chart.
  • The sprint planning, sprint, daily scrum, sprint review, and sprint retrospective cycle. (correct)
  • The specific tasks assigned to team members during a sprint.

What is the primary purpose of employing models in project management?

  • To create detailed, step-by-step instructions for every project task.
  • To ensure strict adherence to a pre-defined project scope, limiting flexibility.
  • To provide a framework for understanding and managing project operations and workflows. (correct)
  • To replace the need for experienced project managers by automating decision-making processes.

What is the most important consideration when applying a project management model in a healthcare environment?

<p>Ensuring project activities do not negatively affect patient care. (B)</p>
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What is the definition of 'method' in the context of project management?

<p>The way the work is done, detailing how the project should operate. (C)</p>
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Which of the following activities would be considered part of project methodology?

<p>Defining how quality, risk, cost, schedule, and communication are managed. (B)</p>
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Why is it important to understand the interdependencies between project management processes when defining a project methodology?

<p>To recognize how changes in one process can impact others, allowing for comprehensive management. (A)</p>
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A project manager is deciding between Agile and Waterfall methodologies for a software development project. What consideration is most important when making this decision?

<p>The nature of the project, including requirements stability and stakeholder involvement. (D)</p>
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What are artifacts in the context of project management?

<p>The documents, templates, or outputs resulting from project processes. (A)</p>
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Which of the following would be considered an artifact in a software development project?

<p>The lines of code written for the software application. (B)</p>
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Which of the following is an example of an artifact that would be created during the planning phase of a project?

<p>A risk register. (D)</p>
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A project team is struggling to meet deadlines. How can leveraging past project artifacts improve the odds of success?

<p>By using artifacts like old project plans or templates to accelerate planning and execution. (C)</p>
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In the context of project management, what is the purpose of a 'small-scale' model?

<p>To outline the steps for completing a specific, limited task or process. (C)</p>
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What is the primary benefit of using models in problem solving within project management?

<p>They identify bottlenecks and inefficiencies in workflows. (A)</p>
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A project team is using a cumulative flow diagram. What aspect of the project are they most likely trying to understand or improve?

<p>The flow of work and potential bottlenecks in the project. (B)</p>
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What is the purpose of 'what-if' scenarios in project modeling?

<p>To explore different strategies and their potential outcomes. (C)</p>
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A construction company is developing a model for building a new type of eco-friendly home. What should they prioritize when creating this model?

<p>Incorporating unique construction processes and materials specific to eco-friendly building. (C)</p>
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A training company is creating a model of their course development workflow. Which of the following elements would most likely be included in this model?

<p>The steps from course creation to publishing on the website. (B)</p>
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What is the primary focus of a method in project management?

<p>Describing the activities and steps to achieve project results. (B)</p>
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Which activity is most representative of utilizing a project management method?

<p>Creating a work breakdown structure (WBS) for scope planning. (C)</p>
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What is the relationship between methods and artifacts in project management?

<p>Methods describe how to perform tasks, and artifacts are the outcomes of those tasks. (B)</p>
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Which of the following is most likely to be considered an Organizational Process Asset (OPA)?

<p>A past project's risk management plan template. (C)</p>
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A project manager decides to use a project plan from a previous, similar project as a starting point for a new project. What is this an example of?

<p>Leveraging a template. (B)</p>
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A project manager is under pressure to quickly deliver a project. How can 'templates' most effectively help in this situation?

<p>By providing a standardized framework that reduces the need to start from scratch. (B)</p>
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A project team consistently misses deadlines and struggles with quality control. What should a project manager do to improve this?

<p>Reflect on prior projects and leverage artifacts like project plans and risk assessments to improve future project methods. (D)</p>
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A project model shows a smooth, linear progression from initiation to closure, but in reality, the project requires constant iteration and rework. What critical flaw exists in this scenario?

<p>The project model does not accurately reflect the actual project environment and workflow. (B)</p>
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A project manager working in a highly regulated industry discovers a past project's template contains a step that violates current regulations. Using the template as-is would save significant time. What is the most appropriate course of action?

<p>Modify the template to comply with current regulations, even if it requires additional time. (A)</p>
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A project plan was created using a predictive (waterfall) model. However, a key stakeholder now wants to use an agile approach mid-project. What should the project manager do?

<p>Assess the requirements to validate iterative delivery, and then update the plan if viable. (A)</p>
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In a project with a high degree of uncertainty and rapidly changing requirements, how should the project manager approach the selection and use of project management methodologies?

<p>Choose a methodology that emphasizes flexibility and adaptation, such as Agile. (B)</p>
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A project manager discovers that a key project artifact, a software design document, is internally inconsistent and contains conflicting information. What is the most appropriate action?

<p>Revise the artifact to remove inconsistencies and ensure clarity, which may impact the project schedule. (A)</p>
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A senior stakeholder insists that a project team use a specific, outdated template, even though a newer, more efficient template is available. Using the outdated template will likely increase project costs and risks. What should the project manager do first?

<p>Explain the consequences of using the outdated template and recommend using the new template, showing the benefits. (C)</p>
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A project team just completed a complex project and is holding a lessons learned session. How can the models, methods, and artifacts from this project best contribute to future projects?

<p>By analyzing the effectiveness of the selected models and methods, and adapting artifacts into templates. (C)</p>
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A project manager is leading two similar projects concurrently. Project A is using a detailed, predictive project plan and is struggling to adapt to changing requirements. Project B is using an agile approach and is successfully managing changes. What should the project manager do?

<p>Analyze the differences between the two projects and adapt the methodology of Project A to incorporate Agile principles. (C)</p>
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To determine the root cause of a quality defect, a project manager creates a fishbone diagram. What element is likely being modeled?

<p>The project quality management processes. (D)</p>
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A project manager discovers that a project team member has been consistently altering data in project artifacts to present a more favorable project status. What is the most critical action for the project manager to take?

<p>Investigate the reasons behind the data manipulation and take appropriate corrective action. (B)</p>
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A global project team is using a project management model that assumes all team members have equal access to technology and a stable internet connection. However, some team members in remote locations face regular internet outages and limited access to collaboration tools. What is the biggest concern?

<p>The project model does not accurately account for the varying realities of the global project environment. (B)</p>
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A project manager successfully used the Agile methodology on the previous project, and decides to implement that same methodology on the current project. However, the current project has very well-defined requirements, and the client expects very little change to those requirements. What is the biggest risk?

<p>Using Agile methodology for a project with well-defined requirements will result in decreased efficiency. The project would be better served by a predictive (i.e. Waterfall) methodology. (C)</p>
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In an attempt to get a notoriously difficult stakeholder 'on board', a project manager decides to omit key pieces of information from the project artifacts presented to the stakeholder. While the stakeholder is now happy, team morale has plummeted because some members have discovered the omissions. What is the most pressing issue?

<p>Project artifact accuracy has been compromised, which means all project decisions are now suspect, and is destroying team trust. (A)</p>
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Flashcards

Model (Project Management)

A simplified view of how a project should proceed and operate.

Predictive Project Model

Common model for a predictive project involving initiation, planning, execution, monitoring/controlling, and closing.

Scrum Model

A model used in agile environments starting with a product backlog, followed by sprint planning, sprints, daily scrums, reviews, and retrospectives.

Methodology (in Projects)

The way you get the work done; how the project should operate, including processes like quality, risk, cost, and schedule management.

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Artifacts

Results or outputs of a process, like lines of code, blueprints, project plans, backlogs, or charts.

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Small-Scale Models

Simplified view of how a project should operate, useful in problem-solving and meeting needs.

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Cumulative Flow Diagram

Visualizations of how work flows, that help identify bottlenecks.

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Fishbone Chart

Charts used to model workflows to find the root causes of issues.

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Project Network Diagram

Diagrams that show the flow of work, activity dependencies and critical paths.

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Methods Execution

Execution of scope planning, control, and Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) creation.

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Organizational Process Assets (OPAs)

Assets created in past projects or specifically for current use, such as templates, documents, or forms.

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Template

Leveraging things that have been done in the past and adapting it to a current project.

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Study Notes

  • Models, methods, and artifacts are key concepts in project management.

Models

  • A model offers a simplified perspective on how a project should unfold and function.
  • Common project models include initiating, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling, and closing, especially in predictive projects.
  • In Scrum, models involve a product backlog, sprint planning, sprints, daily scrums, sprint reviews, sprint retrospectives, and subsequent planning.
  • Models can be tailored to specific domains like construction, software development, or R&D, suiting unique environments and work types.
  • Models illustrate workflow, patterns, and behavior and can assist in problem-solving.
  • Fishbone diagrams and cumulative flow diagrams are examples of models used in problem solving.
  • They facilitate meeting needs, presenting different strategies, and exploring scenarios, like "what-if" games.
  • Models are not only for end-to-end project views but can also represent portions or work flows within a project.
  • Examples include cumulative flow diagrams, fishbone charts, and project network diagrams.

Methods

  • Methodology defines how project work is executed and how the project should operate.
  • In a healthcare setting, methodologies prioritize patient care, ensuring no adverse effects.
  • Methodologies cover quality, risk, cost, schedule, communication, and engagement, among other interdependent processes.
  • These processes are adjusted in depth as required by the model used in a specific environment.
  • Specific processes include scope planning, scope control, and creating the work breakdown structure.

Artifacts

  • Artifacts are the tangible outputs or results of project processes.
  • Examples include lines of code in software development, blueprints, project plans, product backlogs, and burndown charts.
  • Artifacts are also known as an output.
  • Small-scale models detail simple processes.
  • Models can present different strategies and approaches to improve the efficiency of work delivery.
  • Templates, documents, and forms from past projects are also considered artifacts, or organizational process assets (OPAs).
  • Templates can be adapted for present projects rather than starting each project from scratch.
  • Artifacts represent outcomes, results, and deliverables achieved through specific methods.

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