Progressive Era & Theodore Roosevelt
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Questions and Answers

Which groups of people made up progressives?

The Progressives were made up of middle-class reformers.

What were some issues Progressives were trying to clean up in America?

Political corruption, Big business monopolies, Poor working conditions, Women's rights, Public health and sanitation, and Racial inequality.

Define Social Darwinism?

"Survival of the fittest."

How can Social Darwinism clash with the ideas of Progressivism?

<p>Social Darwinism and Progressivism clashed because they had opposing views on government intervention and social responsibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was T.R.'s Domestic policy?

<p>&quot;Square Deal&quot;, TRUST BUSTING, REGULATING BUSINESS, Labor rights, Conservation, Meat Inspection Act, and Pure Food and Drug Act.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was T.R.'s Foreign policy?

<p>&quot;Speak softly and carry a big stick.&quot; Panama Canal, Big Stick Diplomacy, Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, Dollar Diplomacy, AND Military Expansion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is conservation?

<p>Protecting and preserving natural resources and the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the summary of Lochner v. New York?

<p>&quot;Freedom of contract&quot;, meaning the government should not regulate private agreements unless there's a clear and direct harm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the summary of Muller v. Oregon?

<p>Accepting that the state could regulate working conditions for women due to their unique societal role and concerns about health and family responsibilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was included in spreading democracy?

<p>Direct Election of Senators, Initiative, Referendum, and Recall, Women's Suffrage, AND Labor Rights and Social Welfare.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What social reforms occurred?

<p>Women's Rights, CHILD LABOR, Public Health and Safety, Urban Housing Reform, Education Reform, Civil Rights, AND Temperance Movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What labor reforms occurred?

<p>Workplace Safety, Child Labor Laws, Minimum Wage and Maximum Hours, Workers' Rights and Union Support, Workers' Compensation, and The Role of Women in Labor Reform.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 16th Amendment?

<p>Allows the federal government to collect income tax.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a direct primary?

<p>A primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is initiative?

<p>A procedure by which voters can propose a law or a constitutional amendment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a referendum?

<p>A legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is recall?

<p>Procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Robert La Follette?

<p>Progressive Wisconsin governor who attacked machine politics and pressured the state legislature to require each party to hold a direct primary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Jacob Riis?

<p>How the Other Half Lives</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Lincoln Steffens?

<p>The Shame of the Cities; political corruption</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Ida Tarbell?

<p>A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Lewis Hines?

<p>Muckraker; photographer tried to end child labor</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Upton Sinclair?

<p>Wrote &quot;The Jungle&quot;, that portrays the dangerous and unhealthy conditions prevalent in the meat packing industry at that time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Jane Addams?

<p>Is best known for founding Hull House in Chicago.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were muckrakers?

<p>Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the economic opportunities of imperialism?

<p>New Markets, Raw Materials, Trade Routes, Investment, Cheap Labor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the racial theories of imperialism?

<p>Social Darwinism, The White Man's Burden, Civilizing Mission, Racial Hierarchies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the competition with Europe of imperialism?

<p>Colonial Rivalries, Scramble for Africa, Strategic Influence, Global Power Status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the closing frontier of imperialism refer to?

<p>End of the American Frontier (1890), Need for New Territory, Expansion Beyond Continent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Spanish American War?

<p>In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the De Lome Letter?

<p>Written by the Spanish minister in Washington, Dupuy de Lôme, it was stolen from the mail and delivered to Hearst. He had called McKinley weak and bitter. It was played up by the yellow journalists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the USS Maine?

<p>Ship that explodes off the coast of Cuba in Havana harbor and helps contribute to the start of the Spanish-American War.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define yellow journalism?

<p>Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define jingoism?

<p>Belligerent support of one's country</p> Signup and view all the answers

List all land acquisitions after the war?

<p>Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines, Hawaii, Cuba, Wake Island, and American Samoa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the main ideas for the Open Door Policy?

<p>Free Trade in China, No Spheres of Influence, Access to Chinese Markets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Henry Cabot Lodge?

<p>Leading Republican foreign policy expert who was especially angry when Wilson didn't invite any leading Republicans to his peace delegation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were some main arguments for the Anti-Imperialist League?

<p>The Anti-Imperialist League argued that imperialism went against American ideals of democracy, was costly, and would lead to racial conflicts and foreign entanglements. They believed it distracted from addressing domestic issues and violated principles of self-determination and non-intervention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify specific members of the Anti-Imperialist League?

<p>Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, William James, Samuel Gompers, Jane Addams, Grover Cleveland, and Carl Schurz.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the U.S. annexed Hawaii?

<p>The U.S. annexed Hawaii in 1898 after American planters overthrew Queen Liliuokalani in 1893, with support from U.S. military forces. The annexation was driven by economic interests, especially in sugar, and Hawaii's strategic location. In 1898, the Newlands Resolution was passed, officially making Hawaii a U.S. territory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Roosevelt's policy in Latin America?

<p>Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. It aimed to prevent European intervention in the Western Hemisphere by asserting that the U.S. had the right to intervene in Latin American countries facing instability or threats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Roosevelt acquire the Panama Canal?

<p>Negotiation w/ colombia, but they asked for too much $$, so he suggested to the panama people to revolt, so he bought it from them for cheaper.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Progressives

Middle-class reformers seeking to address various societal issues.

Progressive Concerns

Political corruption, monopolies, poor working conditions, and inequality.

Social Darwinism

"Survival of the fittest" applied to society and business.

Social Darwinism vs. Progressivism

Social Darwinism clashed with Progressivism's emphasis on intervention and responsibility.

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T.R. Domestic Policy

"Square Deal," trust busting, regulation, labor rights, conservation, and consumer protection.

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T.R. Foreign Policy

"Speak softly and carry a big stick;" Panama Canal, Roosevelt Corollary, Dollar Diplomacy, and military engagement.

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Conservation

Protecting and managing natural resources for future use.

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Preservation

Keeping something untouched and in its original condition

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Lochner v. New York

Ruled against maximum hour laws for bakers based on 'freedom of contract'.

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Muller v. Oregon

Upheld laws limiting women's work hours, citing their role and health.

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Spreading Democracy

Direct election of senators, initiative, referendum, recall, and women's suffrage.

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Social Reforms

Women's rights, child labor laws, public health, housing, education, civil rights, and temperance.

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Labor Reform

Workplace safety, child labor laws, minimum wage, worker's compensation, union support.

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Political Reform

Direct election of senators, initiative, referendum, recall, primary elections, and campaign finance reform.

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16th Amendment

Authorizes the federal government to collect income taxes.

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17th Amendment

Established the direct election of senators by the people.

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18th Amendment

Prohibited the production, sale, and transportation of alcohol.

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19th Amendment

Guaranteed women the right to vote.

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Direct Primary

Voters directly choose candidates for public office.

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Initiative

Allows citizens to propose new laws or constitutional amendments.

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Referendum

Allows citizens to vote on laws passed by the legislature.

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Recall

Allows voters to remove an elected official from office.

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Robert La Follette

Progressive governor who championed reforms like direct primaries.

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Jacob Riis

Photographic work documenting the lives of impoverished people in New York City.

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Lincoln Steffens

Exposed political corruption in American cities.

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Ida Tarbell

Investigated and exposed the unfair practices of the Standard Oil Company.

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Lewis Hines

Photographed and documented child labor conditions.

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Upton Sinclair

Wrote 'The Jungle', exposing unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry.

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Jane Addams

Founded Hull House, a settlement house in Chicago, to aid immigrants and the poor.

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Muckrakers

Investigative journalists who exposed corruption and societal problems.

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Study Notes

  • Progressives consisted of middle-class reformers.
  • Progressives addressed political corruption, big business monopolies, poor working conditions, women's rights, public health, sanitation, and racial inequality.
  • Social Darwinism is defined as the "survival of the fittest."
  • Social Darwinism clashed with Progressivism due to opposing views on government intervention and social responsibility.

Theodore Roosevelt's Domestic Policy

  • "Square Deal"
  • Trust busting
  • Business regulation
  • Labor rights
  • Conservation
  • Meat Inspection Act
  • Pure Food and Drug Act

Theodore Roosevelt's Foreign Policy

  • "Speak softly and carry a big stick."

  • Panama Canal

  • Big Stick Diplomacy

  • Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

  • Dollar Diplomacy

  • Military Expansion

  • Conservation involves protecting and preserving natural resources and the environment.

  • Preservation is the act or process of saving resources.

  • Lochner v. New York concerned "freedom of contract," limiting government regulation of private agreements unless direct harm is evident.

  • Lochner v. New York struck down a law limiting bakery workers' hours, prioritizing business rights over regulation

  • Muller v. Oregon accepted state regulation of women's working conditions.

  • Muller v. Oregon upheld limiting women's work hours, citing public welfare and women's health.

Spreading Democracy

  • Direct Election of Senators
  • Initiative
  • Referendum
  • Recall
  • Women's Suffrage
  • Labor Rights and Social Welfare

Social Reforms

  • Women's Rights
  • Child Labor
  • Public Health and Safety
  • Urban Housing Reform
  • Education Reform
  • Civil Rights
  • Temperance Movement

Labor Reform

  • Workplace Safety
  • Child Labor Laws
  • Minimum Wage and Maximum Hours
  • Workers' Rights and Union Support
  • Workers' Compensation
  • The Role of Women in Labor Reform

Political Reform

  • Direct Election of Senators

  • Initiative

  • Referendum

  • Recall

  • Primary Elections

  • Campaign Finance Reform

  • Government Transparency and Accountability

  • 16th Amendment: Allows federal income tax.

  • 17th Amendment: Direct election of senators.

  • 18th Amendment: Prohibited alcohol manufacture, sale, and distribution.

  • 19th Amendment: Granted women the right to vote.

  • Direct Primary: Voters directly select candidates for office.

  • Initiative: Voters propose laws or constitutional amendments.

  • Referendum: Legislative acts are put to a popular vote.

  • Recall: Voters can remove an elected official.

  • Robert La Follette: Progressive Wisconsin governor who attacked machine politics and advocated for direct primaries.

  • Jacob Riis: Authored "How the Other Half Lives."

  • Lincoln Steffens: Known for "The Shame of the Cities," which exposed political corruption.

  • Ida Tarbell: Muckraker who exposed the oil industry's corruption in "A History of Standard Oil" (1904).

  • Lewis Hine: Muckraker whose photographs aimed to end child labor.

  • Upton Sinclair: Wrote "The Jungle," exposing dangerous conditions in the meatpacking industry.

  • Jane Addams: Founded Hull House in Chicago.

  • Muckrakers: Journalists who exposed corruption in industries.

Economic Opportunities of Imperialism

  • New Markets
  • Raw Materials
  • Trade Routes
  • Investment
  • Cheap Labor

Racial Theories of Imperialism

  • Social Darwinism
  • The White Man's Burden
  • Civilizing Mission
  • Racial Hierarchies

Competition with Europe in Imperialism

  • Colonial Rivalries
  • Scramble for Africa
  • Strategic Influence
  • Global Power Status

Frontier is Closed of Imperialism

  • End of the American Frontier (1890)
  • Need for New Territory
  • Expansion Beyond Continent
  • Spanish-American War: The U.S. supported Cuban independence from Spain in 1898.
  • De Lome Letter: Written by the Spanish minister, criticized McKinley, fueling tensions.
  • USS Maine: Its explosion in Havana harbor contributed to the start of the Spanish-American War.
  • Yellow Journalism: Journalism that exaggerates news to attract readers.
  • Jingoism: Belligerent support of a country.

Land Acquisitions After the Spanish-American War

  • Puerto Rico
  • Guam
  • Philippines
  • Hawaii
  • Cuba
  • Wake Island
  • American Samoa
  • Open Door Policy: Aimed for free trade in China, no spheres of influence, and access to Chinese markets.
  • Henry Cabot Lodge: A Republican foreign policy expert critical of Wilson's peace delegation choices.
  • Anti-Imperialist League: Argued against imperialism due to its conflict with American ideals, costs, racial implications, and foreign entanglements.

Prominent Members of the Anti-Imperialist League

  • Mark Twain
  • Andrew Carnegie
  • William James
  • Samuel Gompers
  • Jane Addams
  • Grover Cleveland
  • Carl Schurz
  • Hawaii's annexation occurred in 1898 after American planters overthrew Queen Liliuokalani in 1893 with U.S. military support; the Newlands Resolution made Hawaii a U.S. territory.
  • Roosevelt Corollary: Asserted the U.S. right to intervene in Latin American countries facing instability to prevent European intervention.
  • Acquisition of Panama Canal: Roosevelt supported Panama's revolt after Colombia sought too much money, then purchased the land from Panama for cheaper.

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Explore the Progressive Era, its reformers, and their goals, including addressing political corruption, improving working conditions, and advocating for social justice. Examine Theodore Roosevelt's domestic and foreign policies, such as the Square Deal, trust busting, and the Roosevelt Corollary.

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