Progressive Era Questions
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Which statement best describes the core difference between Woodrow Wilson's "New Freedom" and Theodore Roosevelt's "New Nationalism"?

  • "New Freedom" advocated for stronger governmental control over the economy, while "New Nationalism" favored unregulated markets.
  • "New Freedom" focused primarily on social reforms like women's suffrage, while "New Nationalism" prioritized economic issues such as trust-busting.
  • "New Freedom" championed small businesses and unregulated markets, while "New Nationalism" supported a more active government role in regulating the economy and social affairs. (correct)
  • "New Freedom" aimed to break up all trusts, whereas "New Nationalism" only sought to dissolve bad trusts.

Eugene Debs, representing the Socialist Party in the 1912 election, garnered 900,000 votes. Which of the following proposals would Debs most likely support?

  • Breaking up monopolies to foster competition among smaller enterprises.
  • The continuation of the capitalist system with minor reforms to address social inequalities.
  • The nationalization of key industries and the implementation of social insurance programs. (correct)
  • A policy of minimal government intervention in the economy, allowing free markets to self-regulate.

According to the information, why was Woodrow Wilson's "New Freedom" considered idealistic?

  • It called for a strong presidential role, which contradicted the principles of individual liberty.
  • Its emphasis on unregulated markets could lead to the formation of monopolies. (correct)
  • It advocated for socialistic insurance programs that were too radical for the time.
  • It relied too heavily on breaking up all trusts, which was impractical.

Based on the information, what common ground, if any, existed between Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson in the 1912 election?

<p>Both recognized the need to address the power of monopolies and trusts, although they proposed different solutions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which candidate in the 1912 election ran on a platform most critical of the capitalist system?

<p>Eugene Debs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of muckrakers during the Progressive Era?

<p>They were investigative journalists who exposed societal problems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did women frame their activism during the Progressive Era?

<p>As an extension of their roles in the domestic sphere. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary impact of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire?

<p>It dramatized poor working conditions and led to federal workplace safety regulations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Muller v. Oregon (1908) Supreme Court case?

<p>It upheld the constitutionality of laws protecting women workers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 16th Amendment, ratified in 1913, authorized Congress to:

<p>levy and collect an income tax. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a goal achieved by the Populist movement during the Progressive Era?

<p>Prohibition of alcohol. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action by Theodore Roosevelt demonstrated his commitment to the "Square Deal?"

<p>His distinction between &quot;good&quot; and &quot;bad&quot; trusts and attacking JP Morgan's Northern Securities Co. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the 'three C's' of Theodore Roosevelt's 'Square Deal'?

<p>Conservation, consumer protection, control of corporations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Progressivism arose primarily from which segment of society?

<p>Middle-class men and women concerned about social issues and corruption. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a central tenet of the Progressive movement regarding the role of government?

<p>Strengthening the state to protect social welfare and regulate powerful interests. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following Progressive reforms aimed to increase citizen participation in government?

<p>The secret ballot, direct primary, initiative, referendum, and recall. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Progressive view of laissez-faire economics?

<p>Laissez-faire was outdated and harmful because it allowed for monopolies, corruption, and social injustice. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Before widespread adoption of reforms, what was a common problem related to candidate selection?

<p>Candidates were primarily selected by party leaders rather than by voters. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the statistics provided about the U.S. in 1900, which inference is most justified?

<p>The standard of living and access to basic amenities was significantly lower than today. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Progressives attempt to shift power away from 'monied interests'?

<p>By championing reforms that increased direct democracy and government regulation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these scenarios is an example of a 'recall' as the term is defined in the text?

<p>Voters sign a petition to remove an elected official from office before their term is over. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Hay-Pauncefote Treaty authorized the U.S. to construct and manage a Central American canal, but with which stipulation?

<p>The canal zone would be neutral and open to free trade. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main principle behind Taft's Dollar Diplomacy?

<p>Using American investment to increase American political influence abroad. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action taken by Taft caused a rift between him and Theodore Roosevelt?

<p>His efforts to dissolve U.S. Steel after Roosevelt had paved the way for it. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Roosevelt Corollary modify the Monroe Doctrine?

<p>By asserting the U.S. right to intervene in Latin America on behalf of Europe. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key provision of the Mann-Elkins Act of 1910?

<p>It gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) the power to audit new railroad rates. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the foreign policy approach encapsulated by Theodore Roosevelt's phrase, 'Speak softly and carry a big stick'?

<p>Prioritizing diplomacy but being prepared to use military strength if necessary. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguished Roosevelt's 'New Nationalism' from Wilson's 'New Freedom' during the 1912 election?

<p>'New Nationalism' was Roosevelt's platform advocating for stronger regulation and social justice, while 'New Freedom' focused on anti-trust laws, banking reform, and tariff reduction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose of pumping money into countries like Honduras, Cuba, and Haiti, according to Taft's Dollar Diplomacy?

<p>To &quot;prevent economic &amp; political instability&quot; through economic leverage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action by Woodrow Wilson demonstrates a departure from Taft's foreign policy approach?

<p>Declaring that America would no longer offer special support to investors in Latin America and Asia. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Clayton Anti-Trust Act benefit labor organizations?

<p>By exempting labor organizations from anti-trust prosecution and explicitly legalizing strikes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of the Federal Reserve Act under Woodrow Wilson's presidency?

<p>To increase the amount of currency in circulation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action did Wilson take in Mexico that demonstrated a deviation from traditional interventionist policies, at least initially?

<p>He refused to recognize Huerta’s regime and allowed arms to flow to rivals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did the Federal Trade Commission Act aim to regulate businesses?

<p>By actively investigating businesses engaging in interstate commerce. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company director serving on the boards of multiple competing firms would be an example of what practice outlawed by the Clayton Anti-Trust Act?

<p>Interlocking directorates. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Wilson's approach to foreign policy differ from that of his predecessors regarding Latin America?

<p>He initially expressed anti-imperialist sentiments but intervened militarily in Haiti. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Federal Farm Loan Act?

<p>To offer low-interest loans to farmers, addressing a Populist goal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action best exemplifies Theodore Roosevelt's approach to conservation?

<p>Appointing John Muir and Gifford Pinchot to manage natural resources. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Taft's approach to trusts compare to Roosevelt's?

<p>Taft initiated more antitrust actions, including against Standard Oil and American Tobacco. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best represents the purpose of the Federal Reserve Act of 1913?

<p>To establish a central banking system with the power to issue paper money. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Underwood Tariff impact the U.S. economy during Wilson's presidency?

<p>It reduced tariffs, potentially increasing international trade. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary effect of the 16th Amendment during the Progressive Era?

<p>It established a graduated income tax system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Clayton Anti-Trust Act modify existing labor laws?

<p>It officially legalized strikes and limited the use of injunctions against labor unions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which foreign policy approach is most closely associated with William Howard Taft?

<p>Dollar Diplomacy to promote U.S. financial interests. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the core principle of Wilson's Moral Diplomacy?

<p>The U.S. should encourage and support democratic ideals in other nations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Progressive Era

A reform movement from the 1890s to the 1920s aiming to address social issues in the U.S.

Initiative

A process allowing citizens to propose legislation directly.

Referendum

A direct vote in which an entire electorate can vote on a particular proposal.

Recall

A procedure enabling voters to remove an elected official from office.

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Secret Ballot

A voting method in which a voter's choice is anonymous.

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Direct Primary

Elections where voters choose party nominees directly.

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Social Welfare

Programs designed to improve the quality of life for citizens.

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Middle Class Reformers

The main demographic behind the Progressive movement aiming for change.

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16th Amendment

Established a federal income tax in 1913.

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17th Amendment

Allowed for the direct election of U.S. Senators starting in 1913.

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18th Amendment

Enacted prohibition of alcohol in 1919.

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19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote in 1920.

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Muckraking

Journalism aimed at exposing societal issues.

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Muller v. Oregon (1908)

Supreme Court case supporting laws protecting women workers.

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Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

A tragic fire in 1911 leading to improved worker safety laws.

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Teddy Roosevelt’s 3 Cs

Control corporations, consumer protection, conservation policy agenda.

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Eugene Debs

Leader of the Socialist Party who received 900,000 votes in 1912 election.

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New Nationalism

The policy of Roosevelt advocating a strong presidency and active government role in economy and social affairs.

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New Freedom

Wilson's platform supporting small enterprise, entrepreneurship, and limited government regulation.

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Progressive conservatism

Taft's approach balancing progressivism with traditional conservatism in governance.

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Socialist insurance

A concept advocated by Debs promoting social welfare programs through government support.

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Underwood Tariff

A tariff that reduced rates despite lobbyist protests.

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Federal Reserve Act

A law that reformed the banking system and increased money circulation.

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Federal Trade Commission Act

Created a commission to investigate interstate business practices.

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Clayton Anti-Trust Act

Expanded regulations against unfair business practices and protected labor.

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Moral Diplomacy

Wilson's foreign policy emphasizing ethical engagement over financial support.

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Panama Canal Tolls

Wilson ended U.S. exemption on Panama Canal tolls.

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Haiti Intervention

U.S. Marines sent to Haiti in 1915 to protect American interests.

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Mexican Revolution

U.S. response to Huerta's regime included arms support to his rivals.

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Conservationism

Movement to protect natural resources, notably forests, spearheaded by John Muir and Gifford Pinchot.

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Panama Canal

A canal that connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, authorized by the U.S. under the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty.

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Roosevelt Corollary

The principle that the U.S. would intervene in Latin America to maintain order, an extension of the Monroe Doctrine.

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Trust Buster

Nickname for Taft, known for breaking monopolies like Standard Oil and U.S. Steel.

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Mann-Elkins Act

1910 law giving the Interstate Commerce Commission authority over railroad rates and communication companies.

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Dollar Diplomacy

Taft's foreign policy strategy of using American investments to influence other nations.

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Election of 1912

A significant election where Taft faced Roosevelt and Wilson; marked by political realignment and the emergence of new parties.

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Square Deal

Roosevelt's domestic policy focused on fairness and equality for all citizens.

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Trust-Busting

The act of breaking up monopolies and trusts to promote fair competition.

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Study Notes

Progressive Era Big Question

  • To what extent were the Progressives successful in achieving their reform goals?

Progressive Era Summary

  • The Progressive Era (1890s-1920s) was a period of significant social and political reform in the United States.
  • Progressives, predominantly middle-class men and women, sought to address societal issues stemming from industrialization and urbanization.
  • Key goals included curbing monopolies, fighting corruption, and improving social welfare.
  • Progressives sought to curb the power of large corporations, improve working conditions, and expand democratic participation.

Progressive Era Background Information

  • The average life expectancy in the US in 1900 was 47 years.
  • Only 8% of homes had a telephone.
  • There were only 8,000 cars and 144 miles of paved roads in the US in 1900.
  • The average worker's wage was 22 cents per hour.
  • Most births occurred at home.
  • 90% of doctors lacked college degrees.
  • The top 5 causes of death were pneumonia, influenza, tuberculosis, diarrhea, and heart disease.
  • Drive-by shootings were a significant problem in some Western cities.
  • Only roughly 6% of Americans had a high school degree.
  • 18% of US households employed a full-time servant.
  • There were approximately 230 annual murders in the US in 1900.

Progressive Era Reforms

  • Expanding Democracy: Initiatives, referendums, recalls, secret ballots, and direct primaries were implemented to increase citizen participation in government.
  • Progressive Amendments: The 16th Amendment established an income tax. The 17th Amendment provided direct election of senators. The 18th Amendment established prohibition (though it failed to rely upon alcohol tax due to the income tax). The 19th Amendment granted women the right to vote.

Muckrakers

  • Investigative journalists exposed societal problems, drawing public attention to corruption and injustices.
  • Prominent muckrakers included Jacob Riis ("How the Other Half Lives"), Lincoln Steffens ("The Shame of the Cities"), Ida Tarbell (exposed Standard Oil), and Upton Sinclair ("The Jungle").

Women in the Progressive Era

  • Women's activities were often framed within the domestic sphere.
  • Women played key roles in reform movements like settlement houses, literary clubs, the National Consumers League, and the Anti-Saloon League.
  • There was an increase in activism within the suffrage movement.

Reforms for Workers

  • Muller v. Oregon (1908) upheld laws protecting women workers from harmful effects of factory labor.
  • The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911) led to federal regulations to protect workers.

Teddy Roosevelt's domestic policies

  • "Square Deal" for capital, labor, and the public.
  • Three Cs: control of corporations, consumer protection, conservation.
  • Sided with striking workers in 1902.
  • Established the Department of Labor Commerce in 1903.
  • Differentiated between “good” and “bad” trusts.
  • Northern Securities Company, JP Morgan’s holding company was targeted.
  • Conservationism focused on national forests and water projects.

Taft's Domestic Policies

  • Taft continued the trust-busting policies.
  • Taft established the Bureau of Mines and added land to national forests.
  • The Mann-Elkins Act of 1910 provided the Interstate Commerce Commision with power over railroad rates and cable companies.

Taft's Foreign Policy

  • Dollar Diplomacy: Used American investment to boost American political influence.
  • Focused on economic investments in Latin America, the Caribbean, and other regions.

Wilsonian Progressivism at Home & Abroad

  • New Freedom: Sought to reduce government intervention and promote small businesses, entrepreneurship, free unregulated but un-monopolized markets, and break down the "triple wall of privilege."
  • Underwood Tariff Act (reduced tariffs)
  • Federal Reserve Act
  • Federal Farm Loan Act

Wilson's Foreign Policy - Moral Diplomacy

  • Opposed Taft's Dollar Diplomacy.
  • Focused on promoting democracy and human rights in foreign relations.
  • Sent marines to stabilize countries like Haiti, which faced political turmoil.
  • Opposed Huerta in Mexico and sent aid to rivals instead.

Election of 1912

  • Taft, Roosevelt, and Wilson were prominent candidates.
  • The election resulted in significant shifts in voting patterns and political alliances.

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The Progressive Era PDF

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Questions about the Progressive Era. Topics include New Freedom vs New Nationalism, Eugene Debs' Socialism, muckrakers, women's activism, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, Muller v. Oregon, and the 16th Amendment.

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