Programming Languages Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following data types in Java has a default value of false?

  • char
  • byte
  • boolean (correct)
  • int

What is the default size of the data type 'char' in Java?

  • 2 byte (correct)
  • 4 byte
  • 8 byte
  • 1 byte

Which of the following is considered a non-primitive data type in Java?

  • byte
  • char
  • boolean
  • String (correct)

Identify the data type that has a default value of 0.0d.

<p>double (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Java data type occupies 1 bit of memory?

<p>boolean (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes procedural languages?

<p>They are based on a sequence of commands that lead to outcomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes non-structural languages?

<p>They do not possess a structured programming architecture. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In non-structural programming, which type of structure is predominantly used?

<p>Jump instructions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is NOT commonly associated with procedural languages?

<p>Functionally based on object-oriented principles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of procedural programming languages?

<p>They emphasize on sequence and control flow. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean for Java to be a 'write once, run anywhere' language?

<p>Java code can be executed on multiple platforms without modification. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following platforms can Java code be executed on?

<p>Windows (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Java achieve its platform independence?

<p>Through the use of a virtual machine that interprets the bytecode. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is NOT true about Java's compatibility?

<p>Java needs to be rewritten for each operating system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Java's ability to run on platforms like Sun Solaris and Linux contributes to what key feature?

<p>Versatile application across different system environments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an instance variable in the context of a class?

<p>A variable declared within the class but outside of any methods (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding static variables?

<p>Static variables are shared among all instances of a class. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of an instance variable?

<p>It can store data unique to each instance of the class. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option correctly describes when a static variable is created?

<p>It is created when the class is loaded into memory. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cannot be true about static variables?

<p>Static variables can be assigned different values per instance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which access modifier allows a class member to be accessed by all other classes?

<p>Public (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a member defined with the 'Private' access modifier?

<p>Accessible only within the defining class (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario can you access a member defined with 'Protected' access modifier?

<p>In both the defining class and its derived classes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about access modifiers is incorrect?

<p>'Public' members cannot be accessed outside their class. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a member in a class is marked as 'Protected', which of the following is true?

<p>It can be accessed by derived classes and the class itself. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much memory does an int data type use on a 32-bit computer?

<p>2 bytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the memory usage of an int in Java regardless of the system architecture?

<p>4 bytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is Java considered a portable programming language?

<p>The bytecode can be transferred to any platform. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly contrasts the memory usage of int in C and Java on a 64-bit machine?

<p>C uses 8 bytes, while Java uses 4 bytes for int on 64-bit machines. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the memory allocation for int in C on a 64-bit computer?

<p>8 bytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Procedural Language

A programming language where each instruction is executed sequentially, like a recipe.

Command-driven Language

A type of procedural language where instructions are executed one after the other, without any branching or looping.

Non-structured Language

A type of procedural language without a structured, organized code. It relies heavily on jump instructions.

Jump Instructions

Instructions used to transfer program execution to a specific location in the code.

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Script Language

A type of procedural language used to perform specific tasks, like running a script.

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Public Access Modifier

A public member can be accessed from any class.

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Private Access Modifier

A private member can only be accessed from within the same class.

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Protected Access Modifier

A protected member can be accessed from within the same class and any derived classes.

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Derived classes

Classes that inherit from another class.

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Base class

The original class from which other classes inherit.

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Write Once, Run Anywhere (WORA)

Java's ability to run on different operating systems without needing to be rewritten for each.

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Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

A software platform that allows Java programs to run on various operating systems.

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Windows

A popular operating system developed by Microsoft.

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Linux

A free and open-source operating system.

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macOS

A Unix-based operating system developed by Apple.

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Instance Variable

A variable declared inside a class but outside any methods. It belongs to a specific object and stores unique data for that object.

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Static Variable

A variable declared inside a class using the static keyword. It belongs to the class itself and is shared by all objects of that class.

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char

A basic data type in Java representing a single character.

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boolean

A basic data type in Java representing a single value that can be either true or false.

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String

A non-primitive data type in Java that is used to store a sequence of characters.

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Array

A non-primitive data type in Java that is used to store a collection of elements.

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Java portability

A program written in Java can be run on different types of computers (like Windows, macOS, Linux) without changes.

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Int size in C

The size of an integer (int) data type in C varies depending on the computer's architecture (32-bit or 64-bit).

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Int size in Java

In Java, an integer (int) always occupies 4 bytes of memory, regardless of the computer's architecture.

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Java bytecode

The instructions that a Java program is compiled into, which can be executed on any platform with a Java Virtual Machine.

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Study Notes

Programming Languages

  • Programming languages are categorized into imperative and declarative languages.
  • Imperative languages involve giving explicit instructions to the computer, focusing on how to achieve a result.
  • Declarative languages focus on what the result should be, allowing the computer to determine how to achieve it. SQL is an example of a declarative language.

Types of Programming Languages

  • Imperative languages are further divided into:
    • Non-structured languages: Employ jump instructions without a structured programming methodology. Examples include Fortran and Basic.
    • Structured languages: Contain structured programming within a defined scope. Avoiding jump instructions. This can be further classified into:
      • Procedural languages (e.g., Pascal, C++): Focus on procedures.
      • Object-oriented languages (e.g., Java, C#): Organize code around objects.

Object-Oriented Programming - Classes

  • A class is a blueprint for creating objects.
  • Data members (variables) and methods (functions) are grouped within a class.
  • Classes encapsulate data and methods, promoting modularity and organization.
  • Objects are instances of classes, each with its unique data.

Classes vs. Objects

  • Classes are blueprints, not physical entities in memory.
  • Objects are concrete representations of a class, occupying memory.

Access Modifiers

  • Public: Accessible from any class.
  • Private: Accessible only within the class.
  • Protected: Accessible within its class and derived classes.

Constructors

  • Constructors have the same name as the class.
  • They initialize objects when they are created.
  • They are automatically invoked when creating an object.
  • Constructors can take parameters but do not return values.

Inheritance

  • Inheritance enables creating new classes (subclasses) from existing ones (superclasses).
  • It avoids redundancy and establishes relationships between objects.
  • Subclasses inherit properties from superclasses., including data and methods.

Java Introduction

  • Java is a high-level, object-oriented language known for its platform independence.
  • Developed by James Gosling and Sun Microsystems (now owned by Oracle).

Java Features

  • Simple: Easy to learn, clear syntax.
  • Object-Oriented: Everything in Java is an object.
  • Platform Independent: Java code compiles into bytecode, executed by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). This means the code can run on any platform with a compatible JVM.
  • Secured: Secure execution environment prevents malicious code.
  • Architecture Neutral: JVM translates bytecode irrespective of the specific machine architecture.
  • Portable: The compiled bytecode can run on any platform supporting JVM.
  • High Performance: Although interpreted, Java has efficient bytecode execution, with performance comparable to compiled languages.

Data Types

  • Java has primitive data types: int, float, double, boolean, char, etc.
  • Non-primitive data types: Classes, arrays, interfaces.

Variables

  • Local Variables: Declared within a method, accessible only within that method.
  • Instance Variables: Declared within a class, accessible throughout the class.
  • Static Variables: Only one copy exists even for multiple objects, and it is accessible in the class.

Operator Precedence

  • Operators have specific precedences that dictate their order of evaluation.
  • Understanding operator precedence is vital for writing correct Java expressions.

Examples

  • The document includes numerous code examples demonstrating programming concepts.

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Description

This quiz explores the categorization and types of programming languages, focusing on imperative and declarative paradigms. It examines both non-structured and structured imperative languages, with examples like Fortran, C++, and Java. Test your knowledge on object-oriented programming and classes.

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