Programming Language Fundamentals Quiz

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Questions and Answers

In the expression $x = 7 + 3 * 6$, which operation is performed first?

  • Multiplication (correct)
  • Addition
  • Subtraction
  • Division

Who is credited with designing the first widely known compiler?

  • Alick E. Glennie
  • John Backus
  • Grace Hopper (correct)
  • Dennis Ritchie

Which of the following is NOT considered a feature of a programming language?

  • Type equivalence
  • Orthogonality
  • Debugging mode (correct)
  • Control structures

What type of error occurs if you try to divide an integer by zero in most programming languages?

<p>Runtime error (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following languages introduced the concept of object-oriented programming?

<p>Simula (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common disadvantage of using a compiler over an interpreter?

<p>You must recompile the code after making changes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an assembler do?

<p>Translates assembly language into machine code (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which paradigm organizes computation around variables and stepwise control of data manipulation?

<p>Imperative (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a typical functional programming language?

<p>Lisp (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does P vs NP in programming refer to?

<p>A classification of problems based on difficulty in algorithmic solution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between a compiler and an interpreter?

<p>An interpreter translates and runs code line by line, while a compiler translates the whole code at once (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is a while loop typically used?

<p>When you do not know the number of iterations or details of the condition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which programming language feature is primarily responsible for improving reliability by preventing programs from crashing due to unexpected circumstances?

<p>Exception handling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a characteristic of machine language?

<p>High-level abstraction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prolog was originally designed for which application?

<p>Artificial intelligence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key drawback of highly expressive programming languages?

<p>Reduced readability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Order of operations in x = 7 + 3 * 6

Multiplication is performed before addition in arithmetic expressions.

First widely known compiler designer

John Backus is credited with designing the FORTRAN compiler.

Programming paradigm using logical deduction

Logic programming uses logical rules and inference to solve problems.

Programming language feature (NOT):

Debugging mode is a program feature, but not technically a characteristic of a programming language itself. The others are language features.

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Programming paradigm for stepwise data manipulation

Imperative programming directly controls the sequence of steps for data manipulation.

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Purpose of a variable in programming

A variable holds data temporarily in computer memory.

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Programming language introducing OOP

Simula introduced the concepts of objects and classes.

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Mathematical concept of functional programming

Functional programming is based on lambda calculus for defining functions.

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Typical functional programming language

Lisp is a typical functional programming language, focusing on computations as mathematical functions, avoiding mutable state.

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P vs NP in programming

P vs NP is a classification of problems based on computational difficulty; P problems are solvable efficiently and NP problems are efficiently verifiable solutions exist.

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Compiler vs Interpreter

An interpreter translates and executes code line by line, while a compiler translates the entire code into machine code at once.

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While loop use case

A while loop is used when the number of iterations is unknown, relying on a condition to determine loop termination.

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Declarative programming paradigm

Declarative programming describes computation in terms of logic predicates, focusing on what to compute rather than how.

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Influence on structured programming

ALGOL significantly influenced structured programming principles, promoting modularity and clear code structure.

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Exception Handling (Programming)

A programming feature that enhances reliability by handling unexpected program issues that might otherwise cause a crash (like bad input).

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Drawback of highly expressive languages

Highly expressive programming languages can sometimes lead to reduced code readability, making it harder for others (and even yourself) to understand.

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Study Notes

Programming Language Fundamentals

  • Operator Precedence (Question 1): In the expression x = 7 + 3 * 6, multiplication (*) is performed before addition (+).
  • Compiler Design (Question 2): John Backus is credited with designing the first widely used compiler.
  • Programming Paradigms (Question 3): Logic programming uses logical deduction, unlike imperative programming which uses sequential steps. Functional programming uses mathematical functions.
  • Programming Language Features (Question 4): Debugging mode is a process, not a feature of the language itself. Orthogonality, control structures, and type equivalence are all features.
  • Imperative Programming (Question 5): Imperative programs utilize variables and stepwise manipulation of data.
  • Variables (Question 6): Variables store data temporarily in memory, enabling programs to manipulate and use data.
  • Object-Oriented Programming Language (Question 7): Simula is recognized for introducing object-oriented programming.
  • Functional Programming Basis (Question 8): Functional programming is rooted in lambda calculus, a mathematical concept.
  • Runtime Errors (Question 9): Dividing by zero results in a runtime error, not a syntax or logical error.
  • Program Performance (Question 10): Language features influence expressiveness and therefore program performance. Aliasing and assembly language compatibility are not primary performance aspects influenced by the programming language itself.
  • Compiler vs. Interpreter (Question 11): A compiler translates the entire code at once, whereas an interpreter processes code line by line. This difference in processing mode affects subsequent steps like recompilation.
  • Code Reusability (Question 12): Abstraction is a significant feature that improves code readability and reuse, although it is not the ONLY feature.
  • Object-Oriented Paradigm (Question 13): Object-oriented programming is characterized by classes and objects.
  • Assembler Function (Question 14): Assemblers translate assembly language into machine code.
  • Functional Language Example (Question 15): Lisp is a prominent example of a functional programming language.
  • P vs NP (Question 16): P vs NP discusses problem complexity from an algorithmic perspective, not a programming language comparison.
  • Compiler vs Interpreter (Question 17): Interpreters translate and execute code line by line, while compilers translate the entirety at once.
  • While Loops (Question 18): While loops are used when the number of iterations isn't known in advance, but a condition needs to be met repeatedly.
  • Declarative Paradigm (Question 19): Declarative programming expresses computation in terms of logic predicates.
  • Structured Programming Influence (Question 20): ALGOL significantly influenced the development of structured programming.
  • Exception Handling (Question 21): Exception handling improves program reliability by managing unexpected situations.
  • Binary System Inventor (Question 22): Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz is credited with inventing the binary system and calculus, not Alan Turing, Alonzo Church, or Abu Ja’far Muhammad ibn Musa.
  • Drawback of Expressive Languages (Question 23): Highly expressive languages might sacrifice readability.
  • Machine Language Characteristics (Question 24): Machine language is machine-dependent and, critically, not translation-free; it is fundamentally tied to the specific machine. It is also considered error-prone.
  • Prolog Application (Question 25): Prolog was initially designed for artificial intelligence applications.

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