Programming Language Concepts Quiz

Programming Language Concepts

• Programming Language: A formal language for writing computer programs.
• Machine Code: The fundamental instructions directly executed by a computer's CPU.
• Assembly Language: A low-level language using mnemonic codes for instructions.
• Low-Level Language: Closer to machine code, less readable.
• High-Level Language: Closer to human language, readable (e.g., Java, Python).
• Procedural Language: Relies on procedures or functions (e.g., C, FORTRAN).
• Object-Oriented Language: Organized around objects and classes (e.g., Java, C++).
• Method: A function within a class.
• Class Declaration: Defines a class and its attributes/methods.
• Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC): The stages of creating software: problem analysis, design, implementation, testing, maintenance, obsolescence.
• Constant: A value that cannot be changed after declaration.
• Boolean Expression: An expression evaluating to either true or false.
• Conditional Control Structure: Constructs like if, else, and switch statements.
• Exception: An event disrupting program execution (e.g., NullPointerException).

Java Syntax

• Class Declaration:

public class MyClass {
    // Attributes and methods
}

• Method Declaration:

public static int add(int a, int b) {
    return a + b;
}

• Variable Declaration:

int num = 10; // Declare and assign

• Input/Output (Scanner):

Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
int num = sc.nextInt();
sc.close();

• Input/Output (JOptionPane):

String name = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Enter your name:");
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Hello, " + name);

Java Basics

• Escape Sequences: \n (newline), \t (tab), \\ (backslash), \" (double quote).
• Math Class:
  • Math.abs(-10); (Absolute value)
  • Math.pow(2, 3); (Power)
  • Math.sqrt(9); (Square root)
• Random Numbers (Math.random()):

int rand = (int) (Math.random() * 100); // Random number 0-99

• Random Numbers (Random Class):

Random rand = new Random();
int num = rand.nextInt(100); // Random number 0-99

Java Algorithms

• Selection Sort: Finding the smallest/largest value and placing it in order.
• Bubble Sort: Repeatedly comparing adjacent elements and swapping if wrongly ordered.
• Insertion Sort: Inserting elements into their correct position in a sorted subarray.

Important Java Classes

• ArrayList:

ArrayList list = new ArrayList();
list.add(5); // Add element
int size = list.size(); // Get size

• File Handling (Reading):

BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("file.txt"));
String line = reader.readLine(); // Read a line
reader.close(); // Always close resources

Payroll Calculator Examples

• Gross Pay Calculation (Part 1): Calculates total earnings based on hourly wage and hours worked. Example code provided to calculate gross pay.
• Tax Calculation (Part 2): Calculates tax deduction from gross pay and net pay. Example code provided to calculate gross pay, tax, and net pay.

Additional Study Topics

• Debugging: Identifying and fixing errors in code.
• Loops: Writing code blocks that run repeatedly (e.g., for, while).
• File Handling: Reading and writing data to files.

Study Checklist

• Master the definitions, keywords, and syntax for class, method, variable declarations.
• Practice writing loops, conditionals, I/O operations.
• Implement sorting algorithms.
• Understand file handling.
• Break down complex problems into smaller, manageable parts (methods).