Programming Language Concepts Quiz

Study Notes

Programming Language Concepts

Programming Language: A formal language for writing computer programs.
Machine Code: The fundamental instructions directly executed by a computer's CPU.
Assembly Language: A low-level language using mnemonic codes for instructions.
Low-Level Language: Closer to machine code, less readable.
High-Level Language: Closer to human language, readable (e.g., Java, Python).
Procedural Language: Relies on procedures or functions (e.g., C, FORTRAN).
Object-Oriented Language: Organized around objects and classes (e.g., Java, C++).
Method: A function within a class.
Class Declaration: Defines a class and its attributes/methods.
Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC): The stages of creating software: problem analysis, design, implementation, testing, maintenance, obsolescence.
Constant: A value that cannot be changed after declaration.
Boolean Expression: An expression evaluating to either true or false.
Conditional Control Structure: Constructs like if, else, and switch statements.
Exception: An event disrupting program execution (e.g., NullPointerException).

Java Syntax

Class Declaration:

public class MyClass {
    // Attributes and methods
}

Method Declaration:

public static int add(int a, int b) {
    return a + b;
}

Variable Declaration:

int num = 10; // Declare and assign

Input/Output (Scanner):

Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
int num = sc.nextInt();
sc.close();

Input/Output (JOptionPane):

String name = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Enter your name:");
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Hello, " + name);

Java Basics

Escape Sequences: \n (newline), \t (tab), \\ (backslash), \" (double quote).
Math Class:
- Math.abs(-10); (Absolute value)
- Math.pow(2, 3); (Power)
- Math.sqrt(9); (Square root)
Random Numbers (Math.random()):

int rand = (int) (Math.random() * 100); // Random number 0-99

Random Numbers (Random Class):

Random rand = new Random();
int num = rand.nextInt(100); // Random number 0-99

Java Algorithms

Selection Sort: Finding the smallest/largest value and placing it in order.
Bubble Sort: Repeatedly comparing adjacent elements and swapping if wrongly ordered.
Insertion Sort: Inserting elements into their correct position in a sorted subarray.

Important Java Classes

ArrayList:

ArrayList list = new ArrayList();
list.add(5); // Add element
int size = list.size(); // Get size

File Handling (Reading):

BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("file.txt"));
String line = reader.readLine(); // Read a line
reader.close(); // Always close resources

Payroll Calculator Examples

Gross Pay Calculation (Part 1): Calculates total earnings based on hourly wage and hours worked. Example code provided to calculate gross pay.
Tax Calculation (Part 2): Calculates tax deduction from gross pay and net pay. Example code provided to calculate gross pay, tax, and net pay.

Additional Study Topics

Debugging: Identifying and fixing errors in code.
Loops: Writing code blocks that run repeatedly (e.g., for, while).
File Handling: Reading and writing data to files.

Study Checklist

Master the definitions, keywords, and syntax for class, method, variable declarations.
Practice writing loops, conditionals, I/O operations.
Implement sorting algorithms.
Understand file handling.
Break down complex problems into smaller, manageable parts (methods).

Description

Test your understanding of programming language concepts, including machine code, assembly language, and software development lifecycle. Explore the various types of programming languages and their characteristics, from low-level to high-level languages.