Programming Fundamentals

Arithmetic Operators

• Used for performing mathematical operations
• Examples:
  • Addition: a + b
  • Subtraction: a - b
  • Multiplication: a * b
  • Division: a / b
  • Modulus (remainder): a % b
  • Increment: a++ or ++a
  • Decrement: a-- or --a

Logical Operators

• Used for evaluating conditional statements
• Examples:
  • AND: a && b
  • OR: a || b
  • NOT: !a
• Short-circuit evaluation:
  • && evaluates second operand only if first operand is true
  • || evaluates second operand only if first operand is false

Type Casting

• Converting a value of one data type to another
• Implicit casting: compiler performs casting automatically
• Explicit casting: using casting operator (type) value
• Examples:
  • int x = 5; double y = (double) x;
  • char c = 'A'; int x = (int) c;

If-Else Statements

• Used for conditional execution of code
• Syntax:

if (condition) {
    // code to execute if condition is true
} else {
    // code to execute if condition is false
}

• Nested if-else statements:

if (condition1) {
    // code to execute if condition1 is true
} else if (condition2) {
    // code to execute if condition1 is false and condition2 is true
} else {
    // code to execute if both conditions are false
}

Switch Statements

• Used for executing different blocks of code based on a single expression
• Syntax:

switch (expression) {
    case value1:
        // code to execute if expression equals value1
        break;
    case value2:
        // code to execute if expression equals value2
        break;
    default:
        // code to execute if expression does not match any case
        break;
}

• Note: break statement is used to exit the switch statement

For Loops

• Used for executing a block of code repeatedly for a specified number of iterations
• Syntax:

for (initialization; condition; increment) {
    // code to execute
}

• Example:

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
    printf("%d ", i);
}

While Loops

• Used for executing a block of code repeatedly while a condition is true
• Syntax:

while (condition) {
    // code to execute
}

• Example:

int i = 0;
while (i < 5) {
    printf("%d ", i);
    i++;
}

Nested Looping

• Using multiple loops inside each other
• Example:

for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
    for (int j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
        printf("(%d, %d) ", i, j);
    }
}

• Output:

(0, 0) (0, 1) (1, 0) (1, 1) (2, 0) (2, 1)

Test your understanding of basic programming concepts, including arithmetic operators, logical operators, type casting, and control structures such as if-else statements, switch statements, for loops, while loops, and nested looping.