Programming Fundamentals

10 Questions

What is the purpose of the modulus operator in arithmetic?

To find the remainder of a division operation

What is the logical operator used to evaluate if both conditions are true?

AND

What is the purpose of explicit casting in type casting?

To specify the data type of a value explicitly

What is the purpose of the else clause in an if-else statement?

To execute code when the condition is false

What happens when the break statement is encountered in a switch statement?

The program exits the switch statement

What is the purpose of the increment operator in a for loop?

To increment the loop variable

What is the difference between the while loop and the for loop?

The while loop is used for conditional loops

What is the purpose of the short-circuit evaluation in logical operators?

To evaluate the second operand only if the first operand is false

What is the purpose of implicit casting in type casting?

To convert a value automatically by the compiler

What is the purpose of the nested if-else statements?

To execute multiple blocks of code based on conditions

Study Notes

Arithmetic Operators

Used for performing mathematical operations
Examples:
- Addition: a + b
- Subtraction: a - b
- Multiplication: a * b
- Division: a / b
- Modulus (remainder): a % b
- Increment: a++ or ++a
- Decrement: a-- or --a

Logical Operators

Used for evaluating conditional statements
Examples:
- AND: a && b
- OR: a || b
- NOT: !a
Short-circuit evaluation:
- && evaluates second operand only if first operand is true
- || evaluates second operand only if first operand is false

Type Casting

Converting a value of one data type to another
Implicit casting: compiler performs casting automatically
Explicit casting: using casting operator (type) value
Examples:
- int x = 5; double y = (double) x;
- char c = 'A'; int x = (int) c;

If-Else Statements

Used for conditional execution of code
Syntax:

if (condition) {
    // code to execute if condition is true
} else {
    // code to execute if condition is false
}

Nested if-else statements:

if (condition1) {
    // code to execute if condition1 is true
} else if (condition2) {
    // code to execute if condition1 is false and condition2 is true
} else {
    // code to execute if both conditions are false
}

Switch Statements

Used for executing different blocks of code based on a single expression
Syntax:

switch (expression) {
    case value1:
        // code to execute if expression equals value1
        break;
    case value2:
        // code to execute if expression equals value2
        break;
    default:
        // code to execute if expression does not match any case
        break;
}

Note: break statement is used to exit the switch statement

For Loops

Used for executing a block of code repeatedly for a specified number of iterations
Syntax:

for (initialization; condition; increment) {
    // code to execute
}

Example:

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
    printf("%d ", i);
}

While Loops

Used for executing a block of code repeatedly while a condition is true
Syntax:

while (condition) {
    // code to execute
}

Example:

int i = 0;
while (i < 5) {
    printf("%d ", i);
    i++;
}

Nested Looping

Using multiple loops inside each other
Example:

for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
    for (int j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
        printf("(%d, %d) ", i, j);
    }
}

Output:

(0, 0) (0, 1) (1, 0) (1, 1) (2, 0) (2, 1)