Programming Development Cycle Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of the cerr stream in C++?

To display regular output data to the screen

To take input from the keyboard

To connect to other devices for printing

To display error messages to the standard output (correct)

How does the cin stream function in C++?

It outputs data to external devices only

It serves as a logging mechanism for errors

It can only be connected to printers

It takes input from the keyboard by default (correct)

What is the first step in the Program Development Cycle (PDC)?

Code the program

Design the program

Analyze the problem (correct)

Test the program

Which of the following tools is used during the design phase of the PDLC?

Flowcharts Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes cout in C++?

It normally outputs data to the computer screen Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of machine language?

It is machine-dependent and specific to one type of computer. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the coding step in the PDLC?

Create the user interface Signup and view all the answers

What is a common practice regarding routing output data in C++?

Route regular output to a device while keeping cerr to the screen Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of an assembler?

To convert assembly language code into machine code. Signup and view all the answers

What does the standard output stream in C++ represent?

The default destination for output data, usually the screen Signup and view all the answers

Which step involves finding and correcting errors in the program?

Test the program Signup and view all the answers

Which type of programming language allows for writing commands in a way that resembles English?

High-level language Signup and view all the answers

What does formalizing the solution entail in the PDLC?

Reviewing internal documentation Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario would a programmer return to the problem analysis step?

When the program reaches obsolescence Signup and view all the answers

What advantage do compiled programs have over interpreted programs?

Compiled programs run faster than interpreted programs. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the role of compilers in programming?

They convert high-level language into machine language. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following programming languages is NOT mentioned as popular?

Ruby Signup and view all the answers

Which programming language is NOT a direct predecessor of C++?

Pascal Signup and view all the answers

What is the final step in the Program Development Cycle?

Maintain the program Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant advantage of using assembly language over machine language?

It uses mnemonics that are easier for humans to understand. Signup and view all the answers

What is one feature that Ken Thompson implemented in language B, influenced by BCPL?

Key programming constructs for operating systems. Signup and view all the answers

What important feature did C add compared to its predecessors BCPL and B?

Data typing Signup and view all the answers

Which company was instrumental in the development of the C language?

Bell Laboratories Signup and view all the answers

What significant document was published in 1990 to standardize C?

ANSI/ISO 9899:1990 Signup and view all the answers

What does C++ primarily extend from C?

Object-oriented programming features Signup and view all the answers

What motivates the use of modular, object-oriented design in software development?

Improved developer productivity Signup and view all the answers

What year was C initially implemented on a DEC PDP-11 computer?

1972 Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the preprocessor in C++ before compilation?

To perform text replacements and include other files Signup and view all the answers

Which language is characterized as a pure object-oriented programming language?

Smalltalk Signup and view all the answers

C is considered hardware-independent due to what factor?

It can run on any CPU architecture without changes. Signup and view all the answers

After compilation, what does the linker do in the C++ programming process?

It links missing functions with the object code. Signup and view all the answers

What command is typically used to compile and link a C++ program on a UNIX-based system?

CC program.cpp Signup and view all the answers

What occurs after the linking phase in the C++ compilation process?

Loading the executable image into RAM Signup and view all the answers

Where is the executable file typically saved when using Code::Blocks?

In the bin folder of the project Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the loader in the program execution phase?

To transfer the executable image to RAM Signup and view all the answers

What happens to C++ programs that contain references to functions defined elsewhere?

They produce object code with unresolved references. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following phases occurs last in executing a C++ program?

Execution Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Application Development

Programming combines engineering and art, and is a sought-after skill.
Programmers use a structured approach known as the Program Development Cycle (PDC) to develop applications.

Program Development Cycle (PDC) Steps

Analyze the problem: Define the issue and create program specifications detailing input, process, output (I-P-O), and user interface.
Design the program: Develop a logic plan using algorithmic thinking and tools such as pseudo code and flowcharts.
Code the program: Convert designs into code using a programming language or IDE, ensuring to include documentation.
Test the program: Identify and correct errors through debugging to ensure reliability.
Formalize the solution: Revise documentation and ensure user support for the finalized application.
Maintain the program: Offer ongoing support, address errors, and implement requested modifications.

Programming Languages

Programming languages categorized by complexity and usability:
- Machine language: Directly understandable by a computer, consists of binary code.
- Assembly language: Uses mnemonics, processed by assemblers to convert to machine code.
- High-level language: More abstract, commands are closer to natural language, processed by compilers.
- Very high-level language: Extremely user-friendly, often includes visual programming elements.

History of C and C++

C was developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972 at Bell Laboratories from previous languages BCPL and B.
C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in the early 1980s at Bell Laboratories as an extension of C, adding object-oriented programming (OOP) capabilities.
ANSI and ISO standardized C in 1990, creating ANSI C, which is hardware-independent and widely applicable.

C++ Development Phases

Includes compilation, linking, and loading phases to produce an executable file.
IDEs like Code::Blocks streamline these phases for programmers.
Compiled programs can be executed using "./filename" commands in Unix-based systems.

Input and Output in C++

Input is typically received from cin, the standard input stream from the keyboard.
Output is sent to cout, the standard output stream, usually the screen.
cerr is used for error messages and is distinct from regular output streams.

C++ Program Structure

C++ programs consist of functions and classes, which serve as the building blocks for organization and reusability.
The use of object-oriented principles significantly enhances the efficiency of software development.

Programmer Support and Education

Ongoing education, support, and modification of programs are crucial for maintaining relevance in rapidly evolving technology fields.

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Description

This quiz explores the fundamentals of the Program Development Cycle (PDC) in programming. It covers the organized methodology that programmers use to create applications, highlighting the importance of planning before coding. Understanding these concepts is crucial for anyone interested in software development and engineering.