Professionalism in Healthcare Ethics
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Questions and Answers

What must be done immediately after any fall or accident that leads to injury on the premises?

  • Report it to the departmental supervisor (correct)
  • Fill out a safety checklist
  • Inform the victim's family
  • Notify local authorities

    • What happens if an institution loses its accreditation from The Joint Commission?

  • It can retain the ability to serve Medicare patients
  • It receives immediate financial assistance
  • It gains a better reputation in the community
  • It loses the ability to provide care for Medicare patients (correct)

    • Which law provides immunity to healthcare workers who render emergency care in good faith?

  • Emergency Medical Treatment Law
  • Patient Protection Act
  • Health Care Coverage Act
  • Good Samaritan Law (correct)

    • When documenting an incident involving a patient, which additional step must be taken?

    <p>Record the details in the patient's chart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cultural diversity impact patient care in healthcare settings?

    <p>It can affect personal beliefs and patient interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Group Morality' refer to in the context of healthcare?

    <p>Shared concepts and beliefs among professional groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a mandatory standard outlined in the ARRT Standards of Ethics?

    <p>Maintaining confidentiality of patient information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can professional ethics be best described?

    <p>Moral responsibilities specific to a profession</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the Code of Ethics and the Rules of Ethics in the ARRT Standards?

    <p>Code of Ethics is an aspirational guide, while Rules of Ethics are mandatory standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Standards of Ethics for Radiographers?

    <p>To outline behavior that is not tolerated in the profession</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'applied morality' refer to in the context of ethics?

    <p>The appropriate response to any ethical situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the evolution from moral beliefs to professional rules?

    <p>It shifts from general moral beliefs to specific, objective rules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of ethics applies to the duties and obligations placed on professionals?

    <p>Group Ethical Behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the principle of Nonmaleficence primarily focus on?

    <p>Avoiding harm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ethical theory places a value on admirable character traits?

    <p>Virtue-based ethics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle requires healthcare professionals to act with fairness?

    <p>Justice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the six moral principles that guide ethical actions in healthcare?

    <p>Autonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does informed consent require before performing procedures?

    <p>Understanding the risks and benefits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a necessary step in ethical analysis?

    <p>Identify the problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the ethical principle of Veracity emphasize?

    <p>Obligation to tell the truth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what circumstance can a patient's consent be rescinded?

    <p>At any time if they are conscious and understand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the concept of fiduciary duty in medical ethics?

    <p>Maintaining loyalty and trust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the ‘ALARA’ principle stand for in radiology?

    <p>As Low As Reasonably Achievable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ethical dilemma relates to altering patient data in radiology?

    <p>Operation &amp; manipulation of electronic data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the principle of Beneficence prioritize?

    <p>Acting in the best interest of the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach defines adequate informed consent as what the average patient needs to know?

    <p>Reasonable patient standard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following rights are patients entitled to during their hospital stay?

    <p>Considerate and respectful care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Rules of Ethics?

    <p>To set mandatory standards of conduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym ALARA stand for?

    <p>As low as reasonably achievable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what circumstance can informed consent be bypassed?

    <p>When the patient is incapacitated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a violation under Rules #1 to #3?

    <p>Fraudulent billing practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary legal consequence of committing a felony?

    <p>Imprisonment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of rules pertains to unprofessional conduct?

    <p>Rules #7 - #9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a requirement for Registered Technologists regarding fitness to practice?

    <p>Must disclose any health conditions impacting practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which document outlines a patient's specific wishes regarding medical care when they can no longer make decisions?

    <p>Living Will</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In tort law, which act is defined as the unlawful touching of a person without consent?

    <p>Battery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under which rule are individuals required to report ethics violations?

    <p>Rule #21</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle is characterized by judging the rightness of an action based solely on its outcome?

    <p>Consequentialism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be proven in court for negligence or malpractice claims?

    <p>Causation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Respondeat Superior legal doctrine?

    <p>To hold employers responsible for employees' negligent acts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Failure to protect confidential patient information is covered under which rules?

    <p>Rules #15 - #17</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should candidates provide when submitting their application for certification and registration?

    <p>Full and accurate information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in a requisition for a radiology exam?

    <p>Diagnosis with relevant ICD code</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered an intentional tort?

    <p>Battery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes a violation under Rule #20?

    <p>Failure to report any criminal charges or convictions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the Administrative Procedures mentioned?

    <p>Handling challenges of the Ethics Committee</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'DNR' stand for in medical ethics?

    <p>Do Not Resuscitate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is vicarious liability in the context of healthcare?

    <p>Employer's liability for employees' actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under the ethical principle of Ethics of Care, what is a significant consideration?

    <p>Contextual factors affecting relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Technical incompetence falls under which category of rules?

    <p>Rules #10 to #12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the 7 C's for malpractice prevention?

    <p>Confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can negligence be classified when it involves reckless disregard for life?

    <p>Gross negligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action can lead to sanctions under Rule #19?

    <p>Violation of narcotics laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does confidentiality in healthcare refer to?

    <p>Protecting medical information from unauthorized access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of law deals with the legal rights and duties of individuals toward one another?

    <p>Civil Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be included in an incident report following an injury on the premises?

    <p>Specific details of the incident must be recorded in the patient's chart if the injured person is a patient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might happen to an institution if it loses its accreditation from The Joint Commission?

    <p>It loses the ability to provide care for Medicare patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding the Good Samaritan Law?

    <p>It grants immunity to individuals for any health-related actions taken.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does The Joint Commission primarily examine within healthcare institutions?

    <p>The policies and procedures to ensure high standards of care.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Code of Ethics in radiologic technology?

    <p>To serve as a guide for professional behavior and aspirations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes professional ethics?

    <p>Specific moral responsibilities within a profession</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the Rules of Ethics characterized in the Standards of Ethics for Radiographers?

    <p>Mandatory standards of minimally acceptable conduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do group ethical behavior principles generally include?

    <p>Duties and obligations defined by the profession</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by moving from the bottom to the top of the ethics pyramid?

    <p>Advancing from broad moral beliefs to specific, objective rules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of 'applied morality' focus on?

    <p>The response to specific ethical situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the collective set of behaviors expected from radiographers?

    <p>Professional codes of conduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is confidentiality emphasized in healthcare ethics?

    <p>To ensure respect for patient autonomy and rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle emphasizes the obligation to avoid inflicting harm?

    <p>Nonmaleficence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of rights-based ethics?

    <p>Protecting individual rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In ethical analysis, what is the first step to take when resolving an ethical dilemma?

    <p>Identify the problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions exemplifies beneficence in patient care?

    <p>Providing effective pain management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes informed consent from implied consent?

    <p>Informed consent must cover significant risks and alternatives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is NOT included in the documentation of informed consent?

    <p>Assessment of the patient's emotional state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ethical theory places significant emphasis on community values such as respect and kindness?

    <p>Virtue-based ethics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the principle of veracity require from healthcare professionals?

    <p>To tell the truth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a significant concern for radiographers regarding patient rights?

    <p>Discussing risks before procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary obligation of healthcare professionals under the principle of autonomy?

    <p>Respecting patient independence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the 'ALARA' principle?

    <p>Keeping exposure as low as reasonably achievable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the reasonable physician standard in informed consent?

    <p>To define what information should be provided</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which situation exemplifies a potential violation of patient confidentiality?

    <p>Discussing patient cases in public areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which document legitimizes a patient's consent for immediate medical intervention?

    <p>Implied Consent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the purpose of the Rules of Ethics?

    <p>They serve as enforceable standards of minimally acceptable professional conduct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym ALARA represent in the context of radiologic technology?

    <p>As Low as Reasonably Achievable in radiation exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which rule primarily addresses the misrepresentation of certification and registration status?

    <p>Rule #1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required from parents when a child under 17 needs medical treatment?

    <p>Parents must provide informed permission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a living will allow a patient to do?

    <p>Outline wishes for healthcare in case of incapacitation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions falls under the scope of unprofessional conduct as defined by the Rules of Ethics?

    <p>Engaging in sexual misconduct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following constitutes a felony?

    <p>Assault causing bodily harm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required of Registered Technologists if they are involved in criminal proceedings?

    <p>They are required to notify ARRT of violations within 30 days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Informed consent can be waived in which of the following scenarios?

    <p>In a life-threatening emergency with inadequate time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many Continuing Education credits are required every two years to maintain registration?

    <p>24 CE credits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the doctrine of Respondeat Superior imply?

    <p>Employers can be held liable for employees’ negligent acts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a form of subversion as defined in the Rules of Ethics?

    <p>Attempting to alter examination results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following rules addresses the improper management of patient records?

    <p>Rule #15</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the term 'tort'?

    <p>A civil wrong against a person or property.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of negligence involves a severe disregard for the safety of others?

    <p>Gross negligence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ethical approach emphasizes that the rightness of an action does not depend solely on its consequences?

    <p>Non-consequentialism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is emphasized by Rule #13 regarding fitness to practice?

    <p>Potential inability to practice safely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be proven for a malpractice claim to be successful?

    <p>Duty, breach, causation, and harm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes a duty to report under Rules #21 and #22?

    <p>Mandatory reporting of any detected errors or violations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'DNR' stand for?

    <p>Do Not Resuscitate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary reason for having Administrative Procedures related to ethical conduct?

    <p>They provide a structured approach for handling ethics challenges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of healthcare, what is vicarious liability?

    <p>Liability of a principal for the negligent acts of their agent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one responsibility of candidates for certification and registration concerning their applications?

    <p>They need to answer questions related to criminal and regulatory standards accurately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common misconception about ethical rules in radiologic technology?

    <p>Ethical rules only apply to clinical practice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action represents false imprisonment in a healthcare setting?

    <p>Restraining a patient without legal justification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used for malicious verbal communication that harms someone's reputation?

    <p>Slander.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which legal doctrine means 'the thing speaks for itself'?

    <p>Res ipsa loquitur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Professionalism in Healthcare

    • Group Morality: Shared beliefs and concepts form the basis of professional morality, including providing efficient patient care, maintaining professional competence, and maintaining patient confidentiality. Professional ethics are a subset of broader moral beliefs, tailored to specific professions. These are moral responsibilities within the profession.
    • Standards of Ethics: The ARRT (American Registry of Radiologic Technologists) provides its Standards of Ethics outlining desired and mandatory behaviors for Radiographers.
      • Code of Ethics: An aspirational guide of desired professional conduct.
      • Rules of Ethics: 22 mandatory standards of acceptable professional conduct. These address actions of both omission and commission.
      • Administrative Procedures: Outline internal processes for handling disputes, similar to legal due process, within the ARRT.
    • Practicing Radiography Ethically: Essential components include acting in patients' best interests, minimizing radiation exposure (ALARA), respecting privacy, and continually improving knowledge and skills.
      • Continuing Education: 24 CEUs every two years are required to maintain professional standards.

    Specific Ethical Rules (ARRT)

    • Rules 1-3 (Fraud/Deceptive Practices): Cover misrepresentation of credentials (altered cards, licenses) for employment purposes. This includes fraudulent communication & billing practices related to certification.
    • Rules 4-6 (Subversion): Address violations of examination processes, education requirements, continuing education, clinical experience and competency requirements, structured education activities, or failing to cooperate with ARRT investigations.
    • Rules 7-9 (Unprofessional Conduct): Focus on behavior falling short of acceptable standards, including sexual misconduct and unethical conduct which violates federal, state, or local rules potentially endangering patient safety.
    • Rules 10-12 (Scope of Practice): Define responsibilities related to technical competence, supervision, and proper delegation of duties.
    • Rules 13-14 (Fitness to Practice): Cover cases of physical or mental conditions affecting practice competence.
    • Rules 15-17 (Patient Records): Emphasize responsible management of patient records, including avoiding false/deceptive entries and protecting confidentiality. This includes knowingly providing false information.
    • Rule 18-19 (State/Federal Law Violations): Cover violations of state or federal regulations or certification board rules relating to practice, like narcotic laws.
    • Rule 20 (Criminal Proceedings): Obligates radiographers to report ethical violations (state licensing issues, criminal charges/convictions) to ARRT within 30 days or during annual renewal. Applicants report within 30 days of the event.
    • Rules 21-22 (Duty to Report): Cover failures to report ethical violations or errors.

    Certification and Registration

    • Application Requirements: Complete and accurate information, including honesty in answering criminal, regulatory and honor code questions. Carefully review of candidate agreements and understanding implications is required.
    • Legal Documents: Careful review of candidate/patient agreements and understanding the implications.

    Ethical Principles & Theories

    • Consequentialism: Focuses on the outcome of an action; right if the outcome is good.
    • Utilitarianism: An approach within consequentialism focusing on maximizing overall well-being.
    • Non-consequentialism: The rightness of an action depends on its nature, not its consequences.
    • Ethics of Care: Situational ethics, recognizing circumstances impacting correct actions.
    • Virtue-based ethics: Values admirable character traits and focuses on the decision-maker's character.
    • Rights-based Ethics: Focuses on individual rights and resulting duties on others.
    • Principlism (principle-based ethics): Widely used framework in healthcare.
    • Moral Principles: Beneficence (Goodness, right actions that bring good), Non-maleficence (do no harm), Veracity (truthfulness), Fidelity (loyalty/faithfulness), Justice (fairness), Autonomy (self-determination).

    Ethical Conflict Resolution

    • Ethical analysis: Critically assessing situations involving conflict, considering multiple solutions, and defending the selected solution's reasoning.
    • 4-Step Ethical Analysis:
      1. Identify the problem.
      2. Develop possible solutions.
      3. Select a solution.
      4. Justify the selected solution.

    Radiology-Specific Ethical Dilemmas

    • Electronic Data Manipulation: Image cropping, metadata editing, image/data editing are concerns.
    • ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable): Dose creep and alterations to exposure indicators are issues.

    Patient Rights

    • Privacy: Maintains patient dignity and modesty.
    • Confidentiality (HIPAA): Protecting patient information includes using two identifiers for patient safety (e.g., full name, date of birth, check patient armband). Consent is required unless incapacitated or life-threatening emergencies exist. Consent can be rescinded at any time.
    • Informed Consent Aspects: Documentation of procedure nature, risks/benefits, alternatives, and understanding assessment.
    • Required Standards: States vary; subjective (individual), reasonable patient, and reasonable physician standards used to determine adequacy. State standards & legal approaches determine required standards.
    • Exceptions: Incapacitated patients, life-threatening emergencies, or voluntary waiving of consent.
    • Children & Consent: Parents must provide permission for treatment.

    Death with Dignity

    • DNR (Do Not Resuscitate): A medical directive for no resuscitation attempts if death is imminent.
    • Advance Directive: Outlining preferences for future medical care.
    • Power of Attorney (Healthcare Proxy): Designating a trusted person to make decisions.
    • Living Will: Expressing specific treatment wishes.
    • Laws vs Ethics: Laws enforce moral standards; violations carry penalties.
    • Criminal Law: Deals with crimes committed against the state (felonies & misdemeanors).
    • Civil Law: Deals with individual rights and duties (compensation instead of punishment; tort law, contract law).
    • Torts: Civil wrongs; intentional torts (assault, battery, false imprisonment, invasion, defamation), and unintentional torts (negligence, malpractice, contributory negligence, corporate negligence).
    • Negligence/Malpractice Claims: Four elements needed for proof in court - duty, breach, causation, and damages.
      • Legal Doctrines: Res ipsa loquitur, respondeat superior, and vicarious liability are discussed.
      • Personal Liability: A person is responsible for their own actions.

    Clinical Life in Radiology

    • Computer Use: Scheduling, billing, charting, generating orders, accessing patient information, using RIMS (Radiology Information Management System), RIS (Radiology Information System), EMR (electronic medical record), PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication System), and Telemedicine– procedures, information, and tasks are described.
    • Documentation Requirements: Accurate, thorough, and complete patient history, exam paperwork, and QC completed films.
    • Patient Interaction: Introduce yourself, establish rapport, avoid diagnosing (that's for licensed providers).
    • Requisition Requirements: Ensure accurate information (patient name, exam, suspected diagnosis, ordering physician, date). Note that radiation and oxygen are considered drugs and require a physician's order.
      • Pregnancy: Determine & document pregnancy status.

    Malpractice Prevention

    • 7 C's: Competence, compliance, charting, communication, confidentiality, courtesy, and caution.

    Cultural Diversity in Healthcare

    • Culture's Influence: Radiographers must provide sensitive care to all patients, considering cultural beliefs and backgrounds.

    Good Samaritan Laws

    • Immunity: Provides immunity to individuals rendering emergency care in good faith.

    The Joint Commission

    • Accreditation: A healthcare accreditation body. Standards of care. Losing accreditation may impact Medicare patients.

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    Description

    Explore the critical concepts of professionalism in healthcare, focusing on group morality, standards of ethics, and the specific ethical guidelines provided by the ARRT for radiographers. Understand how ethical practices impact patient care and the importance of adhering to established rules and codes of conduct.

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