Problems of Philosophy Quiz

A mental process that involves making judgments based on available information.

Thinking that is structured and aims to establish truth through a systematic process of reasoning.

The systematic study of valid reasoning and argumentation. It aims to identify the rules that govern correct thinking and distinguish good arguments from bad ones.

A process of carefully examining and evaluating information to determine its truth or validity.

A statement proposing a truth claim, typically expressed in a declarative sentence.

A method of representing propositions using symbols to improve clarity and avoid ambiguity.

The process of drawing a conclusion based on evidence or premises. It aims to establish new truths based on existing knowledge.

An argument that is structured and logically sound, where the conclusion is supported by the premises.

A type of logic that focuses on formal systems of reasoning.

A branch of logic that deals with reasoning about everyday situations and common sense.

The philosophical question about how change happens in a world that appears to have both constant change and unchanging things.

Heraclitus believed that everything is constantly changing, and nothing is truly static. He used the example of a river to illustrate this: you can never step into the same river twice because the water is always flowing.

Parmenides argued that change is an illusion, and that reality is unchanging. He believed our senses deceive us, and that reason and truth are the only reliable sources of knowledge.

Empedocles tried to reconcile the opposing views of Heraclitus and Parmenides by suggesting that some things change while others remain constant. He identified four basic elements: air, fire, water, and earth, which are unchanging, but their combinations and separations create change.

A fundamental question in philosophy that explores the relationship between our perceptions and the actual nature of reality.

A fundamental question exploring how events are caused, whether they have a specific cause, or if events occur randomly.

A fundamental question in philosophy that explores the interplay between our freedom of choice and the factors that predetermine our actions.

A fundamental question that examines the nature of unity and diversity, how individual parts come together to form wholes, and how diverse elements relate to each other.

A philosophical stance that posits a single, unified reality (God) that manifests itself in various forms.

A philosophical perspective that emphasizes the existence of multiple, independent substances in the universe, challenging the concept of a unified reality.

The philosophical problem of understanding the relationship between the mind (non-physical) and the body (physical).

A theory that proposes a two-way interaction between the mind and body, suggesting that both can influence each other.

Descartes' theory that the mind and body interact at the pineal gland in the brain.

The belief that mental events are by-products of the brain's activity, having no causal influence on the physical world.

A theory that proposes that God is the ultimate cause of both mental and physical events, with the mind and body merely being occasions for divine intervention.

A theory that holds that mind and body exist in perfect harmony, pre-programmed by God to operate in sync.

The capacity of human beings to reason, think critically, and make judgments based on logic and evidence.

The ability to use logic and reason to understand and solve problems. It's a key tool for philosophers.

The systematic study of knowledge, reality, and existence. It seeks to understand the fundamental nature of the universe and our place within it.

Anaxagoras's theory that change is caused by the domination of particles, leading to the formation of new particles with distinct features.

Democritus's atomic theory claims that atoms are the fundamental building blocks of reality, differing in shape and size, and colliding in a void to create change.

The question of whether what we perceive is the same as what truly exists, considering illusions and subjective interpretations.

The belief that all events are predetermined by a causal agent, often attributed to God in Popkin and Stroll's argument.

The idea that humans have the ability to make choices and are responsible for their actions, leading to the question of punishment and accountability.

The tension between the idea of free will and determinism, questioning how individuals can be held responsible if all events are preordained.

The concept of causality involves the production of effects by prior events or actions, encompassing four types: material, formal, efficient, and final.

The type of cause that refers to the material stuff from which something is made, existing through combination or influence.

The essential nature of a thing, defining its distinct qualities and differentiating it from others.

The agent responsible for initiating a new thing's existence, bringing it into being.

The purpose or end goal for which a thing is made, reflecting a teleological view of the universe.

Hume's example using billiard balls to illustrate the association of cause and effect, suggesting that causation is not inherent but rather a mental projection based on habit.

The Ionian philosophers believed that all things are fundamentally made of one single, underlying substance, despite diverse appearances.

Thales's belief that water is the basic substance of the universe, being the origin of everything.

Anaximander's proposal that the