Problem Solving Approaches Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is a key characteristic of divergent thinking?

  • It involves systematic and logical steps.
  • It leads to a wider range of possible solutions. (correct)
  • It is based on established rules and procedures.
  • It focuses on finding a single, correct solution.

    • What is the core characteristic of an "insight problem" as described in the provided text?

  • The solution is found through a gradual, step-by-step approach.
  • The problem requires a specific set of tools or formulas for its solution.
  • The problem requires a significant amount of time to solve.
  • The solution involves a sudden realization or an 'Aha!' moment. (correct)

    • How is the 're-representation' of a problem described as being useful in the provided text?

  • It provides a way to systematically break down the problem into smaller parts.
  • It creates a mental picture of the problem with clear goals and constraints.
  • It helps to identify underlying patterns and hidden relationships in the problem. (correct)
  • It allows for a more complex understanding of the problem's context.

    • How does the "Triangle Problem" demonstrate the concept of insight?

    <p>The solution is often found through a sudden realization of a simple yet effective move. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the text, which of the following is NOT mentioned as a potential obstacle to effective problem solving?

    <p>The application of creative thinking to find a solution can be a significant obstacle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic differentiating insight problems from other kinds of problems?

    <p>Insight problems involve a sudden realization or breakthrough, rather than a gradual progression. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a key obstacle that can hinder problem-solving, according to the provided content?

    <p>Failure to recognize the true nature of the problem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of divergent thinking, as described in the content?

    <p>Involves generating a wide range of possible solutions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common application of metacognition in problem-solving, as discussed in the text?

    <p>Determining the most efficient algorithm for a given problem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The content highlights that thinking about thinking is known as:

    <p>Metacognition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the use of analogies in problem-solving, as presented in the content?

    <p>A way to apply knowledge from previous experiences to new situations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about the relationship between the brain and problem solving?

    <p>Problem solving involves a network of interconnected brain areas working together. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of convergent thinking as applied to problem solving?

    <p>Finding a single correct solution to a well-defined problem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The text describes a test of creativity where participants are asked to:

    <p>Come up with as many uses for a common object as possible (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a limitation of Means-Ends Analysis?

    <p>It is particularly well-suited for problems requiring creative solutions and divergent thinking. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, what is a key characteristic of analogical problem solving?

    <p>It focuses on identifying similarities between different situations or events to find potential solutions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where individuals struggle to see alternative solutions to a problem, even when they are readily available?

    <p>Insight Problem (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a classic example of an ill-defined problem?

    <p>Designing a new product based on market research (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the process of breaking down a problem into subgoals in Means-Ends Analysis?

    <p>Identify the overall goal, then create smaller, more manageable goals that lead to the final solution. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of 'functional fixedness' is a key obstacle in problem-solving. Which of the following scenarios best illustrates this concept?

    <p>A person is unable to see a new use for a familiar object, as they are stuck in their traditional way of thinking about it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Duncker's Radiation Problem is a classic example of a problem that can be solved using analogical reasoning. What is the key concept behind this solution?

    <p>Comparing the problem to a similar situation and applying a solution that worked in that context. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an insight problem?

    <p>A highly structured and systematic approach to problem-solving. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Means-ends Analysis

    A problem-solving method focusing on reducing the gap between initial and goal states through subgoals.

    Goal State

    The desired outcome or position one aims to achieve in problem solving.

    Subgoal

    A smaller, interim goal that contributes to achieving the overall goal state.

    Operators

    Actions or strategies applied in problem solving to move from one state to another.

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    Ill-defined Problems

    Problems that lack clear goals or specific operators, making them challenging to solve.

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    Analogies in Problem Solving

    Using parallels between different situations to find solutions based on known examples.

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    Duncker’s Radiation Problem

    A classic example illustrating analogical problem solving with a tough medical scenario.

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    Steps in Means-ends Analysis

    1. Set a goal/subgoal, 2. Judge differences, 3. Find operators, 4. Apply them.
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    Re-representation

    Changing the way a problem is perceived to find a solution.

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    Insight

    A sudden realization of a problem’s solution, often described as an 'Aha!' moment.

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    Triangle Problem

    An insight problem where moving pins changes the orientation of a triangle.

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    Obstacles to Problem Solving

    Challenges that can arise in solving problems, sometimes due to prior experiences.

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    Circle Problem Solution

    For a circle with radius r, the solution is x = r.

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    Convergent Thinking

    A type of thinking that seeks one correct solution to a problem.

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    Divergent Thinking

    A creative thinking process that generates multiple potential solutions to a problem.

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    Creative Problem Solving

    A method that emphasizes originality and exploring many possible solutions without a definitive answer.

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    Metacognition

    Awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes, or 'thinking about thinking.'

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    Identifying the Problem

    Using metacognition to clarify the specific issue that needs resolution.

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    Recognizing Difficulties

    Awareness of parts of a problem that are challenging to understand or solve.

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    Monitoring Performance

    The ability to keep track of your progress when solving problems.

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    Brain Areas in Problem Solving

    Multiple regions of the brain are involved in the thinking and problem-solving process.

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    Study Notes

    Problem Solving

    • Problem solving involves a difficulty that has a solution not immediately obvious.
    • Every day, people face problems that require solutions.
    • Problems occur when there's an obstacle between the present state and a desired goal, and it isn't immediately apparent how to overcome it (Lovett, 2002).
    • The situation people face when they desire something, but don't know the immediate steps (Newell and Simon, 1972).

    Approaches to Problem Solving

    • Restructuring:

      • Proposed by Gestalt psychologists.
      • Understanding how people represent problems mentally and how restructuring (reorganizing) these representations aids in solving them.

    • Search:

      • Information processing approach (Newell & Simon, 1956,1972).
      • A problem space involves initial, goal, and intermediate states, alongside operators (permissible moves).
      • Problem solving equates to searching this space effectively.
        • Example: Tower of Hanoi problem (ToH).

    • Analogies:

      • Recognition of parallels between different situations/problems.
      • Identifying analogous situations or events aids problem-solving.
        • Example: Duncker's (1945) Radiation problem and solution from "The General's" problem (solving a problem by analogy with another problem).
        • Steps in the process (Gick & Holyoak 1980):
          • Noticing a relationship.
          • Mapping corresponding elements.
          • Applying these principles/connections to create novel solutions.

    Experts vs. Novices

    • Experts have at least 10yrs of experience in a domain (e.g., Chess, Physics).
    • Experts solve problems more efficiently (faster & more accurately) and are more adept (better insight).
    • Experts process information in larger units (chunking) , have better organized knowledge, delve deeper to understand the underlying structure of a problem rather than superficial aspects.
    • Experts take more time understanding and analyzing a problem compared to novices.
    • Expertise is domain-specific; it doesn't transfer to unrelated domains.

    Creative Cognition

    • Creativity involves originality and expressiveness.
    • Creative problem-solving includes restructuring, searching, and using analogies.

    Metacognition

    • Metacognition is "thinking about thinking"; it comprises people's understanding of their thought processes.
    • Metacognitive skills are helpful in problem-solving.
    • Individuals using metacognition in problem-solving examine their understanding of a problem while working on it.
    • They identify parts they don't understand, monitor their performance, and evaluate the difficulty of different aspects.

    Problem Solving and the Brain

    • Prefrontal Cortex (PFC): pivotal in planning, executing strategies, as well as making connections within problems.
    • Other brain areas also participate in problem-solving, especially those involved in different tasks.

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    Related Documents

    Problem Solving - Cognitive Psychology PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores various approaches to problem solving, including restructuring and the search method. Drawing on theories from notable psychologists, it delves into how individuals can better represent and navigate problem spaces. Gain insights into effective strategies for overcoming obstacles to achieve desired goals.

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