1_3_1 Section 1 – Attacks, Threats, and Vulnerabilities - 1.3 – Application Attacks - Privilege Escalation
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Questions and Answers

How can an attacker gain elevated rights on a system?

  • By running malicious software
  • By avoiding antivirus software
  • By exploiting a privilege escalation vulnerability (correct)
  • By always using the administrative account

    • What is privilege escalation vulnerability?

  • A flaw that only affects administrative accounts
  • A flaw that protects user resources
  • A flaw that allows a normal user to gain extended capabilities (correct)
  • A flaw in antivirus software

    • In what way can privilege escalation occur horizontally?

  • Gaining higher access levels than the root account
  • Using antivirus software effectively
  • Avoiding system patches
  • One user gaining access to the same resources as another user (correct)

    • What is a common preventive measure against privilege escalation?

    <p>Patching vulnerabilities quickly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for antivirus and anti-malware software to be aware of privilege escalation vulnerabilities?

    <p>To prevent malicious software from taking advantage of vulnerabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to consider and address privilege escalation vulnerabilities swiftly?

    <p>They have a higher priority associated with them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the safeguards in place to prevent privileged escalation?

    <p>Memory randomization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vulnerability prevention technique blocks running applications from the data section of memory?

    <p>Data execution prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does memory randomization have on attackers?

    <p>Prevents attackers from taking advantage of fixed memory locations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of privileged escalation, what does CBE 2020-1530 refer to?

    <p>A specific vulnerability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it crucial to ensure that operating systems have the latest security patches?

    <p>To prevent privileged escalation attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Windows operating systems are susceptible to the Windows Remote Access Elevation of Privileged Vulnerability?

    <p>Windows 7, 8.1, and 10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern regarding privilege escalation vulnerabilities?

    <p>Gaining higher level access using normal user credentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is horizontal privilege escalation different from traditional privilege escalation?

    <p>It allows access to resources of users at the same level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are privilege escalation vulnerabilities considered high priority?

    <p>They can allow unauthorized elevated access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can privilege escalation vulnerabilities be mitigated?

    <p>By timely patching and updates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario might a user exploit a horizontal privilege escalation vulnerability?

    <p>To gain access to resources of other users at the same level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the critical role of antivirus and anti-malware software in addressing privilege escalation vulnerabilities?

    <p>Detecting and stopping malicious software exploiting vulnerabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What security feature is implemented to prevent attackers from running applications from the data section of memory?

    <p>Data execution prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does data execution prevention contribute to preventing privilege escalation?

    <p>By blocking the execution of applications from the data memory section</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the impact of memory randomization on attackers?

    <p>It hinders attackers from predicting the location of vulnerable memory addresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the text, which scenario would indicate successful privilege escalation for an attacker?

    <p>Running a single program to gain elevated access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does having the latest security patches on an operating system help mitigate privilege escalation vulnerabilities?

    <p>It provides protection against known security flaws and vulnerabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which operating system was specifically mentioned to be susceptible to the Windows Remote Access Elevation of Privileged Vulnerability?

    <p>Windows 8.1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does XSS stand for in the context of cross-site scripting?

    <p>Cross-Site Scripting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is cross-site scripting known as a vulnerability?

    <p>It enables sharing of information between different websites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main risk associated with non-persistent cross-site scripting attacks?

    <p>Disclosure of sensitive information to the attacker.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do attackers exploit vulnerabilities in web-based applications for cross-site scripting?

    <p>By manipulating user input to execute scripts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common reason for developers to be cautious about handling user input in web applications?

    <p>To mitigate cross-site scripting vulnerabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes JavaScript a potential tool for attackers in cross-site scripting attacks?

    <p>It can retrieve information from user browsers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issue did the individual face with the login token on the Subaru website?

    <p>The token never expired</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it cautioned against clicking links in emails?

    <p>To avoid cross-site scripting attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What risk is associated with the cross-site scripting vulnerability on the Subaru website?

    <p>Unauthorized access to user accounts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What suggestion is given regarding handling emails with links?

    <p>Visit websites directly instead of clicking links</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can developers help prevent cross-site scripting vulnerabilities on their websites?

    <p>Implement field validation on websites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is recommended for users concerned about malicious JavaScript in emails?

    <p><strong>Disable JavaScript</strong> or use security tools for managing it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of link does the attacker need the victim to click in a reflective cross-site scripting attack?

    <p>A specific link sent through email</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common payload that an attacker gathers from a victim's machine during a cross-site scripting attack?

    <p>Session IDs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cross-site scripting attack can be stored permanently on a server?

    <p>Persistent cross-site scripting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a user interacts with a stored cross-site scripting attack on a webpage?

    <p>The user's machine runs the malicious script.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could an attacker gain access to by acquiring a victim's session ID information?

    <p>User credentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a reflective cross-site scripting attack, what typically happens when the victim clicks the malicious link?

    <p>An alert is shown on the victim's screen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is reflective cross-site scripting different from stored cross-site scripting?

    <p>Reflective attacks target specific users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might an attacker embed at the end of a credit card number in a web application to execute a script?

    <p>.html JavaScript code snippet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a stored cross-site scripting attack spread among users?

    <p>By social media likes and shares</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Aaron Guzman's contribution to understanding cross-site scripting vulnerabilities?

    <p>Discovered a security flaw on the Subaru website</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What abbreviation is commonly associated with cross-site scripting?

    <p>XSS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is cross-site scripting referred to as a vulnerability?

    <p>It allows sharing information between websites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vulnerability is a non-persistent cross-site scripting attack also known as?

    <p>Reflected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it crucial for developers to prevent scripting vulnerabilities in web applications?

    <p>To protect against potential attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can attackers achieve through a reflected cross-site scripting attack on a vulnerable website?

    <p>Gain access to users' session IDs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common technology is exploited by attackers in conjunction with a vulnerable website in cross-site scripting attacks?

    <p><strong>JavaScript</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allowed the individual to connect back to the Subaru website without having to log in with their username and password?

    <p>Security token</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What risk did the individual face due to the non-expiring token on the Subaru website?

    <p>Privilege escalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How could an attacker potentially exploit the cross-site scripting vulnerability on the Subaru website?

    <p>Inject malicious scripts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested as a practical option to manage the use of JavaScript on modern websites?

    <p>Disabling JavaScript entirely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can website developers help mitigate cross-site scripting vulnerabilities on their sites?

    <p>Validating all website fields</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is clicking links in emails cautioned against in the text?

    <p>To deter cross-site scripting attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of link does the attacker need the victim to click in a reflective cross-site scripting attack?

    <p>A link that triggers malicious scripts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might an attacker embed a script at the end of a credit card number in a web application?

    <p>To execute malicious scripts when the credit card number is processed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a stored cross-site scripting attack differ from a reflective attack?

    <p>Reflective attacks target individual users, stored attacks affect all visitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of information could an attacker acquire by obtaining a victim's session ID?

    <p>User credentials or session IDs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it crucial to ensure that operating systems have the latest security patches?

    <p>To mitigate vulnerabilities that attackers could exploit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common payload that an attacker often gathers from a victim's machine during a cross-site scripting attack?

    <p>Session IDs or user credentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically happens when a user interacts with a stored cross-site scripting attack on a webpage?

    <p>The user's machine runs the malicious script automatically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What risk is associated with non-persistent cross-site scripting attacks?

    <p>Potential spread of malicious scripts over social media.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is cross-site scripting known as a vulnerability?

    <p>It allows attackers to inject and execute scripts on webpages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What scenario indicates successful privilege escalation for an attacker?

    <p>An attacker elevates their own permissions without detection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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