29 Questions
What is the main focus of pharmacogenomics?
The study of genes' impact on drug response
Which term refers to a common and functional gene in pharmacogenomics?
Wild type
In pharmacogenomics, what does the term 'Phenotype' often refer to?
Activity of a drug-metabolizing enzyme
What does a 'Poor Metabolizer' phenotype in pharmacogenomics indicate?
Nonfunctional protein due to two allele variants
How is an 'Ultra-rapid Metabolizer' phenotype characterized in pharmacogenomics?
Possible gene duplication and high enzymatic activity
What are Cytochrome P-450 enzymes primarily responsible for in drug metabolism?
Multiple genetic variants affecting drug metabolism
What is the primary goal of the Human Genome Project?
To sequence the entire complement of human genes by 2005
Which of the following factors is NOT considered in the current approach to medicine response?
Molecular mechanisms
According to the passage, which of the following is a key factor that influences medicine response?
All of the above
What is the primary goal of the novel approach to medicine response described in the passage?
To individualize the dosing regimen and improve therapeutic response while reducing adverse drug reactions
What is the significance of the completion of the Human Genome Project on April 25, 2003?
Both a and b
Which of the following molecular mechanisms is NOT mentioned in the passage as influencing medicine response?
Pharmacokinetics
What is the mechanism of action of tramadol?
Agonism at the µ-opioid receptor and inhibition of neurotransmitter reuptake
Why is tramadol not FDA approved for use in children?
Used off-label due to lack of FDA approval
Which enzyme is responsible for metabolizing a small amount of tramadol?
CYP2D6
What is the primary concern regarding tramadol use in poor metabolizers?
Risk of drug accumulation due to slower metabolism
Which medication has been contraindicated by the FDA for use in children under 12 years old for pain treatment?
Thioridazine
What is the recommended maximum dose of vortioxetine for poor metabolizers?
10 mg/day
What is the recommended starting dose for patients with the CYP2C9*2 genotype?
5 mg/day
Which ethnic group has the highest prevalence of the CYP2C9*2 genotype?
White
What is the primary reason for conducting TPMT testing in patients receiving 6-mercaptopurine?
To predict the risk of hematologic toxicity
What is the recommended action for patients with intermediate TPMT enzyme activity?
Decrease initial dose by 30-50% and follow closely
Which metabolite of 6-mercaptopurine is considered hepatotoxic?
6-methylmercaptopurine
What is the primary reason for the FDA's boxed warning and contraindication for codeine use in pediatrics under 12 years old?
Risk of opioid intoxication in ultra-rapid CYP2D6 metabolizers
Which population group is most likely to experience ultra-rapid codeine metabolism?
East African, Middle Eastern, and Oceania populations
What is the primary metabolic pathway for codeine?
Metabolism to an inactive compound, with a minor CYP2D6 pathway to morphine
Which CYP enzyme exhibits the most clinically relevant genetic polymorphism?
CYP2D6
What is a potential consequence of being a poor CYP2D6 metabolizer when taking codeine?
Lack of analgesic efficacy
Which population group is least likely to experience poor CYP2D6 metabolism?
Asian populations
Explore the principles of pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics explained by Anita Siu, Pharm.D. Learn how genomic variation affects drug exposure and response in children. Evaluate the clinical utility of pharmacogenomic testing for neuropsychiatric drugs.
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