Principles of Medical Laboratory Science Practice 2: Histopathology

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of histology in medical laboratory science?

Study of cellular structures

Study of abnormal tissues

Study of molecular biology

Study of normal tissues (correct)

What is the primary role of a Histotechnician in the Histopathology Section?

To develop new histopathologic techniques

To diagnose and interpret tissue samples

To conduct autopsies and biopsies

To prepare materials and tissues for microscopic investigation (correct)

What is the term for the examination of smears, preservation, and processing of tissues sections prior to actual evaluation of tissue details?

Tissue Sectioning

Histopathologic Techniques (correct)

Cell Cytology

Pap's Smear

What is the first step in specimen handling in Histopathology?

Fixing the specimen Signup and view all the answers

What is the report generated by the Pathologist after examining the tissue samples?

Histopathology Report Signup and view all the answers

Who is responsible for signing the Request Forms in Histopathology?

Patient's Physician Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of abnormal tissues in medical laboratory science?

Histopathology Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of cellular structures and functions in medical laboratory science?

Cell Biology Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of refrigerating a 70% ETOH solution at -20°C?

To slow down the evaporation of ethanol Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a Plane Concave Knife and a Biconcave Knife?

The concavity of the knife Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a Diamond Knife in Electron Microscopy?

To cut sections as thin as 0.5 um Signup and view all the answers

What is the temperature of the Flotation Water Bath used in sectioning?

10°C below the Melting Point of Wax Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of glycolysis on glucose values?

Falsely lower glucose values Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using a Core Needle Biopsy?

It provides a higher sensitivity than an aspiration biopsy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following analytes is most susceptible to temperature-related changes?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a rotary microtome in sectioning?

To cut sections of hard tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of falsely elevated potassium results?

Hemolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended frequency for viral load testing in patients undergoing treatment?

Every 3 to 6 months Signup and view all the answers

Under what conditions can separated serum or plasma remain at room temperature?

For all tests except glucose, for 8 hours Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a Drying Oven in sectioning?

To dry tissues and slides Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of subsequent viral load testing in patients undergoing treatment?

To serve as a marker for HIV viremia Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended storage temperature for serum or plasma if testing is not completed in 48 hours?

At or below –20°C Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for using 95% ethanol instead of 100% ethanol in reagent preparation?

It is less expensive Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended timing for the first viral load testing after the initiation of HAART?

Every 2 to 8 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a graded series of alcohols in reagent preparation?

To dehydrate tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a non-protein nitrogenous compound?

Total Cholesterol Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using a Frosted Slide in sectioning?

It promotes adhesion of tissues to the slide Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended storage procedure for serum or plasma if testing is not completed in 8 hours?

Refrigerate at 2°C to 8°C Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tests is NOT a confirmatory test for HIV?

Viral Load Testing Signup and view all the answers

Where can specific analyte instructions be found?

In the procedure manual Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of viral load testing in the management of HIV?

To monitor the response to HAART Signup and view all the answers

According to the new guidelines, how often should viral load testing be performed after the initiation of HAART?

Every 2 to 8 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of viral load testing in the management of HIV?

To monitor the response to HAART Signup and view all the answers

When should viral load testing be performed in patients undergoing treatment?

As soon as patient treatment begins Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum hemoglobin level required for blood donation?

11.0 g/dl Signup and view all the answers

How often can a person donate blood?

Weekly Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of cross-matching before transfusion?

To ensure compatibility between donor and recipient Signup and view all the answers

What happens to blood not required during or after surgery?

It is discarded Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of separating and reserving red blood cells from the donor's blood?

Double Red Cell Donation Signup and view all the answers

How soon can a person donate blood before surgery?

72 hours Signup and view all the answers

Why is screening performed for autologous blood donation?

As per normal donation protocols Signup and view all the answers

What information must be clearly stated on the autologous blood label?

For Autologous use Only Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Histopathology

Histopathology is the study of abnormal tissues.
Histology is the study of normal tissues.
Tests commonly offered in the histopathology section include biopsy, autopsy, cell cytology, cell block, and Pap's smear.
Personnel in the histopathology section include pathologists, histotechnologists, histotechnicians, and gross examiners.

Histopathologic Techniques

Histopathologic techniques involve the preparation of materials and tissues for microscopic investigation.
Techniques include examination of smears, preservation and processing of tissues sections prior to actual evaluation of tissue details.
Importance of histopathologic techniques: allows for cutting sections of 4 um, ultrathin microtome, and electron microscopy.
Microtome knives: three basic types - plane concave, biconcave, and plane-wedge.
Other equipment used in sectioning: flotation water bath, drying oven, forceps, and clean slides.

Biopsy

Types of biopsy: aspiration biopsy and core needle biopsy.
Aspiration biopsy: uses a needle and syringe to penetrate a lesion for aspiration of its contents.
Indications for aspiration biopsy: to determine the presence of fluid within a lesion, to ascertain the type of fluid within a lesion, and when exploration of an intraosseous lesion is indicated.
Core needle biopsy: uses a small skin incision, lesion approach at an angle of 45 degrees, and stabilization of the lesion before introducing the needle.

Specimen Handling and Storage

Specimen handling: FIX FIRST, refrigerated (average of -20°C).
Specimen storage: based on the tests requested, separated serum or plasma may remain at room temperature (24°C) for 8 hours, except for glucose testing.
If testing has not been completed in 8 hours, the specimen should be refrigerated (2°C to 8°C), and if testing is not complete in 48 hours, the serum or plasma should be frozen at or below –20°C.

Non-Protein Nitrogenous Compounds

Non-protein nitrogenous compounds include creatinine, uric acid, and ammonia.
Tests most frequently affected by improper processing include glucose, potassium, and coagulation tests.

Confirmatory Testing and Viral Load Testing

Confirmatory testing includes Western Blot, Quantitative RNA Assay, Immunofluorescence Assay, and Immunohistochemical testing.
Viral load testing: testing of the viral load should be performed as soon as patient treatments begin, and subsequent viral load testing can be used as a marker for HIV viremia and should be carried out every 3 to 6 months for patients undergoing treatment.

Laboratory Criteria for HIV Infection

Laboratory criteria for HIV infection include a positive result from an HIV antibody screening test confirmed by a positive result from a supplemental HIV antibody test.

Autologous Blood Donation

Criteria for pre-deposit donation: donation can be made at a weekly interval (1-5 units), Hb (>11.0 g/dl), HCT (> 33%), last donation should be 72 hours before surgery, and cross-match is required before each transfusion.
Double red cell donation: an automated process where the red blood cells are separated by a machine and reserved while the remaining blood components are returned to the donor.

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This quiz covers the principles of medical laboratory science practice, focusing on histopathology, including bronchial brushing, sputum, gastric washings, and urine sediment.