Principles of Interior Design - IND 542

• Onaizah Colleges offers a short course on the theory of interior design.
• The course code is IND 542.
• The assessment score is 100%.
• The course consists of two credit hours.

Principles of Design

• The principles of design explain how to use the tools to make art.
• Pattern involves a regular arrangement of alternated or repeated elements, like shapes, lines, colors, or motifs.
• Contrast is the juxtaposition of different design elements to highlight differences or create visual interest.
• Emphasis is the importance/attention given to one part of a work of art, achieved through placement, contrast, color, size, or repetition.
• Balance is a feeling of equality in weight or importance, achieved through symmetrical or asymmetrical arrangements
• Scale is the relationship between objects, considering size and number, including the relation between parts of a whole.
• Harmony gives the viewer a feeling that all parts form a coherent whole through the arrangement of elements.
• Rhythm is achieved using recurring elements to direct the eye through the image.
• Unity is when all parts of an image work together.
• Variety uses different elements in an image to create visual interest

Design Definitions

• Design goals are definitions of architecture.
• Context for architecture satisfies human and functional needs.
• Function, form, and meaning comprise the main aspects of design.
• Function relates to zoning, context, nature, and culture.
• Structure relates to zoning and appearance.
• Interpretation/Meaning relates to appearance and conventions.

Interior Design Process

• A brief is defined when the organization determines the needs and goals for the development challenge.
• Preliminary research analyzes and understands the culture and goals of the service provider.
• Gathering insights involves a deeper understanding of the customer's needs, desires, expectations, values, and motives
• Strategic planning clarifies the assignment, the brief, and the goals.
• Generating ideas and developing concepts involves developing new or alternative solutions based on the service provider's goals and customers' needs.
• Prototyping involves testing ideas and the design of the developed service.
• Piloting involves testing a pilot version of the service concept in the market.
• Launching the service involves internal training and introduction and launching the service concept in the market.
• Continuous development involves evaluating the impact of the developed service and improving the service.

Definitions

• Interior Design is the art of creating rooms and other indoor areas to be attractive, comfortable and useful.
• Interior Design embraces the application of arts and science to create a novel feature for the environment.
• A careful selection of elements suits the purpose and overall mood of the area.
• Examples include furniture, lighting paint, wall coverings and curtains used in creating attractive interiors.
• Interior Design is closely related to interior architecture, the shape, special features, and style combined into an indoor area.

Objectives

• The objective is to integrate beauty, expressiveness, and functionalism in a home.

Elements of Design

• Elements of design include: Space, line, form, texture, and color.

Space

• Space is the three-dimensional expanse a designer works with.
• Designers consider the size of the space and the arrangement of the objects in it.
• Different sizes of space create different feelings.
• Two choices in space are: filling it or leaving it empty.
• It's possible to arrange small spaces to appear larger or larger spaces to seem smaller.
• To make a small space seem larger, leave as much open space as possible and use minimal furniture.
• Install mirrors, choose furniture with dual purposes.
• Large spaces can be divided temporarily with room dividers or screens.
• Divide space by arranging furniture in small clusters.
• Use area rugs to divide a large room.
• Feeling and effect are important to consider.

Line

• Line is the most basic design element.
• Line conveys a sense of movement or direction.
• Lines delineate space and create form.
• Lines intersect to create 2-dimensional planes.
• Lines mark the edge of the wall, floor, or ceiling.
• Lines can convey strength, serenity, gracefulness, or action.
• Lines make up patterns or zigzags.
• Vertical lines suggest strength and stability.
• Horizontal lines suggest rest.
• Diagonal lines suggest movement and excitement.
• Use a variety of lines in home design.
• A person's eye follows the line of the design.
• Line is the visual direction of a design.
• Lines can emphasize a pleasing element or disguise an undesirable one.

Vertical Lines

• Vertical lines lead the eye up, adding height, formality, and strength to a design.
• They can be seen in tall furniture, columns, pillars, striped wallpaper, and long narrow draperies.
• Vertical lines can make rooms seem more spacious and raise the appearance of ceilings.

Horizontal Lines

• Horizontal lines lead the eye to the left or right.
• Horizontal lines suggest informality and restfulness.
• They can be seen in long, low roofs and long, low furniture pieces like sofas and chests.
• Horizontal lines can make buildings, rooms, and furniture seem wider and shorter.

Diagonal Lines

• Diagonal lines suggest action, movement, and excitement.
• They can be seen in staircases, cathedral ceilings, and gable roofs.
• Diagonal lines can be overpowering and tiring, so they should be used sparingly in design.

Curved Lines

• Too many curved lines can create a busy look.
• They can be seen in doorway arches, ruffled curtains, curved furniture, and rounded accessories.
• Curved lines add a softening, graceful effect to designs.

Form

• Form is a three-dimensional element of art that encloses volume.
• Forms describe the shape and structure of solid objects.
• Mass gives a solid feeling.
• This can also be achieved by grouping small objects.
• Objects have "apparent weight" based on the size or "heaviness".
• Contrast plays into this idea.
• Walls and rugs are 2D while chairs and sofas are 3D.
• Large heavy objects like pianos give feelings of stability.

Texture

• Texture appeals to sight as well as touch in design.
• Smooth surfaces reflect more light than rough surfaces, look lighter and brighter.
• Words used to describe textures: Ribbed, crinkled, rough, and smooth
• Rough surfaces absorb more light, look darker and less intense.
• A room with the same texture throughout is monotonous, too many may be disjointed.
• Most well-designed rooms have a dominant texture with accents of contrasting textures.
• Tactile Texture is the feeling of something when touched.
• Visual texture is the way the surface looks.

Color

• Color is considered the most important element of design.
• Each color has three characteristics: hue, value, and intensity.
• Hue is the name of a color, such as red, green, or blue-violet.
• A color may be brightened or dulled, but the hue will remain the same.
• Value is the lightness or darkness of a hue.
• The value of a hue can be made lighter by adding white, which produces a tint.
• A hue can be made darker by adding black, which produces a shade.
• Maroon is an shade of red.
• Intensity is the brightness or dullness of a hue.
• The compliment of a hue can lower the intensity and is the color directly opposite it on a standard color wheel.
• High-intensity colors include hot pink and fire-engine red.
• Low-intensity colors include, rust and smoky blue.

Elements of Design List

• Line: Horizontal, vertical, diagonal, straight, curved, dotted, broken thick, thin.
• Shape: 2D (Two dimensional)/ flat. Geometric (square, circle, oval, triangle) Organic (all other shapes).
• Form: 3D (three dimensional), Geometric (cube, sphere, cone), Organic (all other forms such as: people, animals, tables, chairs, etc).
• Color: Refers to the wavelengths of light, hue (name), value (lightness/darkness), intensity (saturation, or amount of pigment), and temperature (warm and cool). Relates to tint, tone, and shade.
• Value: The lightness or darkness of an Image (or part of an image).
• Texture: The feel, appearance, thickness, or stickiness of a surface (for example: smooth, rough, silky, furry).
• Space: The area around, within, or between images or parts of an image (relates to perspective). Positive and negative space.

Interior Design Defined

• Interior architecture, the spatial art of environmental design, form, and practice the process by which the interiors of buildings are designed and concerned with the human uses of structural spaces.
• Interior Architecture designs an interior in architectural terms.

Types of Interior Design

• Types of interior design include residential, commercial, hospitality, healthcare, universal, and exhibition design.

Human Needs

• General influences define architecture as satisfying human needs.
• Human needs are categorized as physical, intellectual, and emotional.
• Physical needs include: food, shelter, and clothing.
• Intellectual needs include: education, science, and government.
• Emotional needs include: religion, art, and recreation.
• Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Physiological needs, Safety needs, Social needs, Esteem needs, self-actualization
• The 5 stages can be split into Basic needs, Advanced needs, Challeging needs.