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Questions and Answers
What limits the growth and intelligence of a child?
What limits the growth and intelligence of a child?
What is a developmental task?
What is a developmental task?
Which of the following is NOT one of the three systems of personality according to Freud?
Which of the following is NOT one of the three systems of personality according to Freud?
According to Freud, what does the Id represent?
According to Freud, what does the Id represent?
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What is the primary characteristic of the Ego?
What is the primary characteristic of the Ego?
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Who founded psychoanalysis?
Who founded psychoanalysis?
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What did Freud's theory primarily derive from?
What did Freud's theory primarily derive from?
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What is the function of the Superego?
What is the function of the Superego?
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Which characteristic describes a child who is easy to approach and adapt to new situations?
Which characteristic describes a child who is easy to approach and adapt to new situations?
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What is indicated by a child's high activity level?
What is indicated by a child's high activity level?
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Which of the following factors is NOT considered to be part of genetic inheritance?
Which of the following factors is NOT considered to be part of genetic inheritance?
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What does adaptability refer to in the context of a child's temperament?
What does adaptability refer to in the context of a child's temperament?
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What does cognitive development primarily enable an individual to do?
What does cognitive development primarily enable an individual to do?
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Which reaction pattern characterizes a child who responds mildly and takes time to adapt?
Which reaction pattern characterizes a child who responds mildly and takes time to adapt?
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Which factor contributes to how much a child grows and develops?
Which factor contributes to how much a child grows and develops?
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What is the first principle of growth and development?
What is the first principle of growth and development?
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The principle of cephalocaudal development indicates that motor development occurs primarily from which part of the body?
The principle of cephalocaudal development indicates that motor development occurs primarily from which part of the body?
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What aspect of temperament is described by how a child reacts to a new stimulus upon initial contact?
What aspect of temperament is described by how a child reacts to a new stimulus upon initial contact?
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Which principle states that development proceeds from proximal to distal areas of the body?
Which principle states that development proceeds from proximal to distal areas of the body?
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Which of the following is a factor that can influence a child's growth through genetic inheritance?
Which of the following is a factor that can influence a child's growth through genetic inheritance?
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Which factor does NOT affect growth and development?
Which factor does NOT affect growth and development?
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What does the intensity of reactions indicate about a child?
What does the intensity of reactions indicate about a child?
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At what stage do children typically begin to perform fine motor skills like writing with a fine pen?
At what stage do children typically begin to perform fine motor skills like writing with a fine pen?
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What best describes a child with a low threshold of response?
What best describes a child with a low threshold of response?
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What must occur for development to progress in children?
What must occur for development to progress in children?
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What does the principle of optimum time for learning emphasize?
What does the principle of optimum time for learning emphasize?
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How does distractibility affect child-care?
How does distractibility affect child-care?
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What is a factor that can significantly influence a child's development?
What is a factor that can significantly influence a child's development?
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What does growth primarily refer to in the context of child development?
What does growth primarily refer to in the context of child development?
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Which aspect of a parent-child relationship is most beneficial for a child's development?
Which aspect of a parent-child relationship is most beneficial for a child's development?
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Which of the following best describes development in the context of growth and development principles?
Which of the following best describes development in the context of growth and development principles?
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What does the term 'ordinal position in the family' relate to?
What does the term 'ordinal position in the family' relate to?
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What is the primary focus of maturation in child development?
What is the primary focus of maturation in child development?
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How can health impact a child's growth and development?
How can health impact a child's growth and development?
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Which theory is most closely associated with moral development?
Which theory is most closely associated with moral development?
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What characterizes a child with a positive mood quality?
What characterizes a child with a positive mood quality?
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What major aspects do nurses assess during health care visits related to child development?
What major aspects do nurses assess during health care visits related to child development?
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Erikson's theory primarily addresses which aspect of development?
Erikson's theory primarily addresses which aspect of development?
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What can be said about the relationship between growth and development?
What can be said about the relationship between growth and development?
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In assessing a child's development, which of the following abilities would be observed?
In assessing a child's development, which of the following abilities would be observed?
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What is the primary conflict for infants aged 1 month to 1 year according to Erikson’s theory?
What is the primary conflict for infants aged 1 month to 1 year according to Erikson’s theory?
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Which outcome is associated with successfully resolving the conflict of Trust vs Mistrust?
Which outcome is associated with successfully resolving the conflict of Trust vs Mistrust?
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According to Erikson, what do toddlers develop when caregivers support their need for independence?
According to Erikson, what do toddlers develop when caregivers support their need for independence?
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What feeling may develop in toddlers when their caregivers do everything for them?
What feeling may develop in toddlers when their caregivers do everything for them?
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What age group is associated with the conflict of Initiative vs Guilt?
What age group is associated with the conflict of Initiative vs Guilt?
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What nursing implication is suggested for infants to enhance their sense of trust?
What nursing implication is suggested for infants to enhance their sense of trust?
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What is a developmental task that toddlers should accomplish during the Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt stage?
What is a developmental task that toddlers should accomplish during the Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt stage?
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Which age range is classified under the Infancy stage in Erikson’s theory?
Which age range is classified under the Infancy stage in Erikson’s theory?
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Study Notes
Principles of Growth and Development
- Growth and development are continuous processes, starting from conception and lasting until death.
- Infants triple their birth weight and increase their height by 50% during the first year of life.
- Growth and development proceed in a predictable, orderly sequence (e.g., children sit before crawling, crawl before walking).
- Different children develop at varying rates.
- Body systems do not all develop at the same rate. Neurological tissues develop rapidly during the first year, while genital tissues develop later during puberty.
- Motor development begins from the head and progresses to the trunk and finally the feet (cephalocaudal).
- Development proceeds from the center of the body outward to the extremities (proximal to distal).
- Skills progress from gross motor skills to refined motor skills.
- There is an optimal time for initiating certain experiences or learning, dependent on the maturity of the nervous system.
- Neonatal reflexes must disappear before further development can occur.
- A substantial portion of skills and behaviors are learned through practice.
Factors Affecting Growth and Development
- Genetic Inheritance: Genes play a role in both illnesses and physical characteristics (e.g., height, eye color, learning style). Gender also influences growth patterns, with girls generally being slightly smaller and lighter at birth but continuing to grow at roughly the same rate. Boys typically maintain a larger height and weight advantage until puberty. Inherited conditions also affect development.
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Environment: Several environmental factors influence growth and development:
- Socioeconomic level: Children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds often face challenges related to health and nutrition, impacting their growth.
- Parent-child relationship: Children who receive love and attention thrive better than those who don't.
- Ordinal position in the family: A child's position in the family and the family size have some influence on growth and development.
- Health: Diseases from environmental sources can affect growth.
- Nutrition: Poor maternal nutrition during pregnancy can limit a child's growth and intelligence.
Developmental Stages According to Major Theorists
- Psychosexual development: A type of development focusing on developing instincts or sensual pleasure (Freud).
- Psychosocial development: Erikson's theory of personality development.
- Moral development: Kohlberg's theory focusing on the ability to distinguish right from wrong and apply that knowledge in real-life situations.
- Cognitive development: Piaget's theory focusing on the ability to learn, understand from experience, gain and retain knowledge, respond to a new situation and solve problems.
Theories of Child Development
- A theory provides a framework to explain a phenomenon. Developmental theories give roadmaps for explaining human development.
- Developmental tasks are skills or growth responsibilities that arise at specific times in development, allowing for the accomplishment of future tasks.
Developmental Theories
- Psychoanalytic theory: Sigmund Freud's theory, describing psychosexual stages (Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, and Genital).
- Psychosocial theory: Erikson's theory covering eight stages (Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Role Confusion, Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs. Stagnation, and Integrity vs. Despair), focusing on personality development across the lifespan in response to both internal drives and external environmental factors.
Freud's Stages of Childhood Psychosexual Development
- Oral stage (0-1 year): Pleasure through oral stimulation (e.g., sucking, biting). This stage emphasizes the importance of oral stimulation and satisfaction.
- Anal stage (1-3 years): Focus on the anal region during toilet training and learning bowel and bladder control. Children learn independence through retention and elimination.
- Phallic stage (3-6 years): Awareness of genitals and exploring sexual identity. Children learn about their own and opposite genders.
- Latency stage (6-12 years): Focus is on school, friendships, and social activities. The libido is dormant or diverted into concrete thinking according to the stages.
- Genital stage (13-21 years): Sexual maturity and development of relationships with members of the opposite sex. This stage emphasizes that adolescents learn about themselves and form bonds with members of the opposite sex.
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
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Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 year): The development of trust in caregivers and the world.
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Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (2-3 years): Toddlers learn self-control and independence through exploring what they can do.
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Initiative vs. Guilt (4-5 years): The development of initiative and taking responsibility for their actions.
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Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 years): Children develop a sense of accomplishment and competence.
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Identity vs. Role Confusion (13-19 years): Adolescents develop a sense of self and identity.
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Intimacy vs. Isolation (20-39 years): Young adults form close, intimate relationships.
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Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-65 years): Middle-aged adults contribute to something greater than themselves.
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Integrity vs. Despair (65+ years): Older adults review their life and develop a sense of meaning and integrity.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential concepts of growth and development throughout the human life cycle. It explores the various stages and sequences of physical development, highlighting the differences in rates among children. Key principles such as cephalocaudal and proximal-distal development are also discussed.
