Principles of Growth and Development

A quantitative increase in physical measurements, like weight, height, or bone size. It's measurable in pounds, kilograms, inches, or centimeters.

An increase in skill or ability to function, often described as a qualitative change. It's measured by observing a child's ability to perform specific tasks.

A change in the complexity of a structure that leads to a higher level of functioning. It's about becoming more competent and adaptable.

A theory by Sigmund Freud that focuses on how instincts and sensual pleasure play a role in development, divided into stages.

A theory by Erik Erikson describing stages of personality development, focusing on social and emotional growth.

A theory by Lawrence Kohlberg explaining the development of moral reasoning, or knowing right from wrong and applying it to life situations.

This stage focuses on the infant's developing trust in their caregivers and the world around them. If their needs are met consistently and with care, they develop a sense of trust. However, if their care is inconsistent or neglectful, they may develop mistrust.

During this stage, toddlers are striving for independence and autonomy. They take pride in their newfound abilities and want to do things on their own. Parents who encourage this sense of independence will aid in the development of a healthy sense of autonomy.

Preschoolers are exploring their world and actively trying new things. If they are supported and encouraged, they develop a sense of initiative. If they are criticized or punished for their attempts, they may develop guilt.

A systematic explanation of a phenomenon using principles and frameworks.

A child's inborn personality traits, including activity level, rhythmicity, and adaptability.

A skill or responsibility that emerges at a specific time in life, impacting future development.

Refers to the regularity of a child's biological functions, such as eating and sleeping patterns.

How a child initially reacts to new stimuli, such as a new person or object.

Austrian neurologist who pioneered psychoanalysis, focusing on the development of personality through psychosexual stages.

The ability to change one's reaction to stimuli over time. For example, getting used to a new toy or situation.

The basic, instinctual part of the personality driven by seeking pleasure and immediate gratification.

A type of temperament characterized by predictable rhythms, easy adaptability, and positive mood.

The part of the personality that deals with reality and mediates between the Id and the external world.

The part of the personality developed through social interaction and morality, representing internalized values and societal expectations.

A type of temperament characterized by irregular rhythms, negative mood, and resistance to new experiences.

A type of temperament characterized by low activity levels, slow adaptation, and mild reactions.

The instinctual drive in Freud's theory, primarily focused on sexual energy and pleasure.

A child's natural inclination towards activity. Some children are constantly on the move, while others are more quiet.

Freud's concept of personality development, emphasizing the influence of early psychosexual stages on adult behavior.

Development occurs continuously from conception to death, with changes occurring gradually throughout life.

The order in which skills develop follows a predictable pattern, for example, sitting before crawling, and crawling before walking.

Individuals progress through developmental stages at their own pace, meaning some children may develop faster than others.

Different parts of the body develop at different rates. Neurological development happens rapidly in the first year, while genital development is slower until puberty.

Development proceeds from the head downwards, meaning control over head movements comes before control of the trunk and limbs.

Development progresses from the center of the body outward to the extremities, meaning control of the torso comes before control of the hands and feet.

Development progresses from general movements to more precise movements, meaning large motor skills develop before fine motor skills.

There are specific times when learning is most effective. For instance, language acquisition is most effective in early childhood.

The intensity of a child's emotional response to a situation or stimuli. A child with high intensity will react strongly to a situation, while a child with low intensity might react more mildly.

The ease with which a child can shift their focus from one activity to another. Children with high distractibility might be easily distracted by noises or movement.

The amount of time a child can focus on a task or activity before losing interest. Children with a long attention span can concentrate for a long time, while children with a short attention span might get bored quickly.

The level of stimulation needed to evoke a response from a child. Children with a low threshold respond to even small amounts of stimulation, while children with a high threshold require more intense stimuli to react.

The overall emotional state a child typically exhibits - whether they are generally happy, sad, or neutral.

The genetic factors that influence a person's development. This includes inherited traits and predispositions, which can impact physical growth, personality, and abilities.

The social and economic factors that influence a child's development, including family income, parental education, and access to healthcare.

The quality of the relationship between a child and their caregiver. A strong, supportive relationship can have a positive impact on development, while a strained or neglectful one can have negative effects.