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Questions and Answers
What is the primary responsibility of the nurse when uncertain about a drug calculation?
Which principle of drug administration emphasizes the need to check the medication label?
In which circumstance should oral medications be avoided?
What is the correct method for administering otic medications to an adult?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the '10 rights' of medication administration?
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What should a nurse do if a patient has difficulty swallowing an enteric-coated tablet?
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What action should a nurse take if a patient refuses medication?
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What is the purpose of the pharmaceutic phase in pharmacokinetics?
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Which agent is an example of a muscarinic agonist that stimulates salivation and gastric acid secretion?
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Which of the following is a common side effect of cholinesterase inhibitors?
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Which receptor type is primarily targeted by nicotinic receptor agonists?
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What is the primary action of antimuscarinic agents like Oxybutynin in treating urinary incontinence?
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Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with atropine overdose?
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Which factor is most significant in determining the rate of drug absorption in the stomach?
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What condition may lead to slower drug absorption in elderly patients?
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What is the primary purpose of excipients in drug formulations?
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How does the First Pass Metabolism affect drug bioavailability?
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What does drug half-life indicate in pharmacokinetics?
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In what scenario can the presence of food in the stomach enhance drug absorption?
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What is the main organ responsible for drug excretion in the body?
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What aspect of drug absorption is most affected by the drug being in an alkaline environment?
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What effect does drug instability in gastric acid have on drug absorption?
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Which characteristic of drug preparations affects the speed of absorption the most?
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What is defined as the point at which increasing a drug's dosage no longer increases the desired therapeutic response?
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Which term describes the ability of a drug to activate a receptor once it has bound?
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What does a higher therapeutic index indicate about a drug?
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What term refers to the amount of drug required to elicit a specific physiological response?
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If Drug A achieves the same maximum effect as Drug B but at a lower dose, what can we say about Drug A?
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Which of the following best describes the duration of action of a drug?
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What is the formula used to calculate the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug?
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At which time does the peak effect of a drug occur following administration?
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An agonist is defined as which of the following?
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What does a narrow therapeutic index indicate regarding patient monitoring?
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What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the sympathetic nervous system?
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What effect does an Alpha 1 receptor agonist have on blood pressure?
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Which of the following is true for beta 2 receptor agonists?
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What is the primary action of Alpha 2 receptor agonists?
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Which statement is accurate regarding selective beta blockers?
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What is the effect of non-selective alpha antagonists?
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Which condition contraindicates the use of non-selective beta blockers?
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What happens to gastrointestinal activity during sympathetic stimulation?
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Which of the following is an example of an Alpha 1 selective antagonist?
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Study Notes
Principles of Drug Administration
- Repeated drug administration may lead to decreased effectiveness; increasing the dose can be required.
- Nurses should verify drug calculations with a second nurse if uncertain.
- Medications should be prepared and administered solely by the nurse who prepared them.
- Medication labels must be checked, and written orders should be compared to the medication sheet.
- Patient identification is crucial; verify with ID bands and ask the patient for their name.
- Follow the "10 Rights" of medication administration:
- Right medication, right dose, right time, right route, right client, right client education, right documentation, right to refuse, right assessment, and right evaluation.
- Right education involves informing the patient about the medication, expected responses, side effects, and monitoring requirements.
Safe Administration Practices
- Oral medications are most convenient; do not administer if the patient is vomiting or has difficulty swallowing.
- Avoid crushing sustained-action drugs or enteric-coated tablets.
- Encourage patients to take large amounts of water with enteric-coated medications to aid swallowing.
- Parenteral medications provide a more rapid response than oral forms.
Health Teaching for New Medications
- Include desired effects, dietary restrictions, storage guidelines, and written administration instructions for newly prescribed medications.
Otic Administration Techniques
- For children, administer ear drops backwards and downwards; for adults, administer backwards and upwards.
Pharmacokinetics
- Pharmaceutic Phase: Initial stage for oral medications.
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Drug Absorption: Process where drugs enter the bloodstream.
- Liquid forms absorb faster than solids.
- Drugs tend to absorb better in acidic environments compared to alkaline.
- Drug Distribution: Occurs when drugs circulate in the bloodstream.
- Drug Metabolism (Biotransformation): Primarily happens in the liver, potentially reducing drug effectiveness (First Pass Metabolism).
- Drug Excretion: Mainly occurs through the kidneys.
- Excipients: Substances that help enhance drug dissolution and attributes.
Drug Half-Life
- Defines the duration for the drug concentration to reduce by half.
- Determines frequency of dosing; e.g., Ibuprofen has a half-life of 2 hours.
Pharmacodynamics
- Study of drug effects on the body.
- Drug Affinity: How strongly a drug binds to its receptor.
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Drug Efficacy: Drug's ability to activate its receptor.
- Agonist: Activates receptors.
- Antagonist: Inhibits receptor activity.
- Maximal Efficacy: Maximum therapeutic response achievable.
- Potency: Amount of drug required for effect; a more potent drug achieves the same effect at a lower dose.
- Therapeutic Index (TI): Ratio of toxic dose (TD50) to effective dose (ED50); a higher TI indicates a safer drug.
Drug Action Parameters
- Onset: Time to first observable drug effect.
- Peak: Highest concentration of the drug; monitor for effects and side effects at this point.
- Duration of Action: Time drug maintains therapeutic effect.
Sympathetic Nervous System Activities
- Responsible for "fight or flight" response.
- Increases heart rate, blood pressure, and dilates pupils.
- Neurotransmitters involved include epinephrine and norepinephrine.
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Alpha and Beta Receptors: Target various physiological responses.
- Alpha 1: Vasoconstriction, increases blood pressure.
- Beta 1: Increases heart rate and contractility.
- Beta 2: Causes bronchodilation.
Parasympathetic Nervous System Activities
- Responsible for "rest and digest" functionality.
- Decreases heart rate and blood pressure while increasing GI activity.
- Neurotransmitter is Acetylcholine affecting nicotinic and muscarinic receptors.
- Muscarinic actions increase salivation and gastrointestinal motility.
Additional Patient Management
- Monitor for hypotension, bradycardia, or bronchospasm with cholinergic medications.
- Antidotes for excessive dosing may include Atropine.
- Manage neuromuscular blockers to facilitate muscle relaxation when indicated.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the principles and guidelines for drug administration. This quiz covers important practices every nurse should follow when preparing and administering medications. Ensure you understand key concepts like dose calculation, labeling, and verification procedures.
