Principles of Biochemistry Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What role do centrioles play in animal cells?

  • They produce ATP from glucose.
  • They digest waste materials.
  • They help organize microtubules. (correct)
  • They synthesize proteins.

    • What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus in animal cells?

  • To store waste products.
  • To synthesize cholesterol.
  • To produce energy in the form of ATP.
  • To process and sort proteins. (correct)

    • Which component serves as the digestive system of the cell?

  • Mitochondria
  • Vacuoles
  • Peroxisomes
  • Lysosomes (correct)

    • What is the main energy currency used in the body?

    <p>ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is primarily involved in oxidation reactions and lipid biosynthesis?

    <p>Peroxisomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the body’s energy is generated by the electron transport chain?

    <p>95% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about mitochondrial function is accurate?

    <p>Mitochondria break down glucose to produce ATP. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature distinguishes the rough endoplasmic reticulum from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Its site of protein synthesis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of specificity allows an enzyme to catalyze reactions on molecules with specific functional groups?

    <p>Group specificity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which suffix is commonly used in the names of enzymes responsible for catalyzing reactions?

    <p>-ase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the enzyme's active site?

    <p>To bind the substrate for reaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to enzymes when the temperature exceeds optimal conditions?

    <p>They denature (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of enzymes is responsible for adding water during hydrolysis reactions?

    <p>Hydrolases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'Lock and Key Theory' illustrate about enzyme function?

    <p>Enzymes have a specific substrate that fits their shape (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does an increase in substrate concentration have on an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, assuming enzyme concentration remains constant?

    <p>The reaction rate increases to a point (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of enzyme specificity refers to action on a specific type of chemical bond regardless of molecular structure?

    <p>Linkage specificity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is downregulation in the context of gene expression?

    <p>The process that decreases the production of cellular components. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the epigenome?

    <p>It refers to chemical compounds that modify gene instructions without changing the DNA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do enzymes play in biochemical reactions?

    <p>They act as catalysts to accelerate the rate of reactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the human body?

    <p>They serve as a primary source of energy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes upregulation?

    <p>The enhancement of gene product synthesis in response to external stimuli. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of biomolecules is primarily stored in the liver and muscles as glycogen?

    <p>Carbohydrates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT influenced by epigenetic factors?

    <p>Hair color determination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which codon specifies the amino acid phenylalanine?

    <p>AAA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cofactors relate to enzyme activity?

    <p>They are necessary compounds that some enzymes require to function. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is biochemistry primarily concerned with?

    <p>The chemical substances and vital processes in living organisms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the size range of enzymes?

    <p>The molecular weight, typically between 10,000 to 2,000,000 Da. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in translation?

    <p>It carries amino acids to the ribosome. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes the role of enzymes in biochemical processes?

    <p>Enzymes function as catalysts to speed up biochemical reactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a human cell based on the context provided?

    <p>A complex bioreactor for essential life processes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an epigenetic factor that can influence gene expression?

    <p>Green tea polyphenols (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the process of transcription occur?

    <p>In the nucleus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial codon at which the ribosome attaches to mRNA during translation?

    <p>AUG (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecules are primarily hydrophobic and include triglycerides and cholesterol?

    <p>Lipids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of carbohydrate?

    <p>Triglycerides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is directly responsible for assembling the polypeptide chain?

    <p>Translation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is involved in both the transcription and translation processes?

    <p>mRNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of cosmetic products, understanding biochemistry can help individuals evaluate claims regarding:

    <p>Their ability to influence biochemical processes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when a ribosome moves along the mRNA and a peptide bond is created between two amino acids?

    <p>Polypeptide chain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the flow of genetic information in biological systems described by the central dogma?

    <p>DNA → RNA → protein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecule is primarily composed of fatty acids?

    <p>Triglycerides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following amino acids must be obtained from the diet?

    <p>Leucine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structural unit of nucleic acids?

    <p>Nucleotide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base is not found in DNA?

    <p>Uracil (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes DNA?

    <p>It forms a double helix structure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of RNA?

    <p>To carry genetic instructions for protein synthesis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which best describes the sugar component in RNA?

    <p>Ribose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of proteins, what do ribosomes do?

    <p>Join amino acids to form proteins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between DNA and RNA in protein synthesis?

    <p>DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into amino acids. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly pairs the nitrogenous bases in DNA?

    <p>Adenine - Thymine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Transcription

    The process of copying genetic information from DNA to RNA.

    Translation

    The process of decoding RNA to synthesize proteins.

    What is biochemistry?

    Biochemistry is the study of the chemical substances and vital processes occurring in live organisms. It explains the chemical basis of life.

    Codon

    A sequence of three nucleotides (bases) on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid.

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    What are carbohydrates?

    Monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides are the four main types of carbohydrates. They provide the primary source of energy in the body and can be stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles.

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    Messenger RNA (mRNA)

    A molecule of RNA that carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosomes.

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    Transfer RNA (tRNA)

    A molecule of RNA that carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome.

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    What are lipids?

    Triglycerides, cholesterol, and phosphatidylcholine are examples of lipids. They consist mostly of hydrophobic chemical moieties and are important for energy storage, cell membrane structure, and hormone production.

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    Ribosome

    The site of protein synthesis in the cell.

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    What is the human cell like?

    The human cell is like a highly complex bioreactor that carries out all the essential processes for survival, growth, and reproduction.

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    What is glycogen?

    Glycogen is a polysaccharide formed from glucose monomers. It's a storage form of glucose in the liver and muscles, providing energy when needed.

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    Initiation Codon (AUG)

    A three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA that signals the start of protein synthesis.

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    Stop Codon

    A three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA that signals the end of protein synthesis.

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    What is ATP?

    ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the primary energy currency of the cell. It's used to power various cellular processes, like muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and protein synthesis.

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    What are enzymes?

    Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in the body without being consumed in the process. They are essential for life's processes and have specific functions.

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    What are cofactors?

    Cofactors are non-protein molecules that assist enzymes in their function. They can be organic (coenzymes) or inorganic (metal ions).

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    Fatty Acid-Based Lipids

    Lipids that are composed of or derived from fatty acids, like triglycerides, phospholipids, and ceramides.

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    Non-Fatty Acid Lipids

    Lipids that aren't based on fatty acids, such as cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen.

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    Amino Acids

    The 21 different types of amino acids used by your body.

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    Essential Amino Acids

    Amino acids that your body can't produce enough of and need to come from your diet.

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    Peptides

    Molecules formed when amino acids are linked together.

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    Proteins

    Large molecules made of many amino acids linked together.

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    ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

    The energy currency of your cells.

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    Signaling Molecules (Hormones)

    Chemical messengers that help control your body's functions.

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    Vitamins

    Molecules essential for life that your body can't produce on its own.

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    Co-factors

    Substances that help enzymes function properly.

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    Downregulation

    The process by which a cell decreases the amount of a specific cellular component, such as RNA or protein, in response to an external stimulus.

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    Upregulation

    The process by which a cell increases the amount of a specific cellular component, such as RNA or protein, in response to an external stimulus.

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    Genome

    An organism's complete set of genetic information, typically encoded in DNA.

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    Epigenome

    Chemical modifications to the genome that alter gene expression without changing the DNA sequence.

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    Epigenetic factors

    Factors that influence epigenetic modifications, such as diet, lifestyle, and environmental exposures.

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    Enzymes

    Globular proteins that act as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions in living organisms.

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    Gene regulation

    The process by which cells control the production of specific gene products (proteins or RNA).

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    What is an enzyme?

    A protein that speeds up a chemical reaction without being changed itself.

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    What is the active site?

    A specific part of an enzyme where the substrate binds.

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    What is a substrate?

    The substance that an enzyme acts upon.

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    What is a product?

    The molecule that results from the enzyme-catalyzed reaction.

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    What is enzyme specificity?

    The enzyme's ability to bind to and act only on a specific substrate.

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    What is activation energy?

    The minimum amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur.

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    How does temperature affect enzyme activity?

    An increase in temperature can speed up an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, but too high a temperature can denature the enzyme.

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    How does pH affect enzyme activity?

    A change in pH can alter the shape of an enzyme, making it less effective. Each enzyme has an optimal pH for maximum activity.

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    Enzyme inhibitors

    Substances that interfere with an enzyme's ability to catalyze a reaction, slowing or stopping it.

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    Enzyme cofactor

    A molecule that aids enzymes in their catalytic activity.

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    ATP

    The main energy currency used in the body, storing energy derived from food in its chemical bonds.

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    Cellular respiration

    A series of metabolic reactions that break down glucose, releasing energy for ATP production.

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    Electron transport chain

    A series of protein complexes within the mitochondria that harness energy from electrons to generate ATP.

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    Co-enzyme Q10 (Ubiquinone)

    A fat-soluble compound involved in the electron transport chain, crucial for energy production in mitochondria.

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    Centrioles

    Paired barrel-shaped organelles that organize microtubules, providing structural support and determining the location of cell components.

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    Peroxisomes

    Small organelles that compartmentalize oxidation reactions, involved in lipid biosynthesis and cholesterol synthesis in animal cells.

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    Study Notes

    Principles of Biochemistry

    • Biochemistry studies chemical substances and processes in living organisms.
    • Topics covered include DNA replication and transcription, enzymes and cofactors, ATP production and energy production.

    Introduction

    • Lectures cover how cosmetic products affect skin biochemistry.
    • Some cosmetic products claim to enhance or decrease the activities of cellular organelles or to supply compounds that decline with age.
    • Understanding biochemistry helps appreciate how these cosmetic products work.

    What is Biochemistry?

    • Biochemistry is the study of the chemical substances and processes occurring in live organisms.

    Structure of an Animal Cell

    • A diagram of an animal cell illustrates its various components.
    • Components like mitochondria, peroxisome, secretory vesicle, ribosomes, smooth/rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, plasma membrane, lysosomes and vacuoles are present.
    • A brief explanation of each component is included at the end of the slide presentation.

    Human Cell - The Complex Bioreactor

    • A human cell is a complex "reactor" that carries out essential processes for survival, growth and reproduction.

    Human Cell-The Complex Bioreactor (Diagram)

    • A complex diagram shows numerous biochemical pathways in a human cell.
    • The diagram details various metabolic pathways such as metabolism of cofactors, vitamins, lipids and proteins .
    • Other biochemical pathways include the synthesis and degradation of numerous molecules including but not limited to steroids, carbohydrates, lipids and nitrogen containing compounds.

    Biomolecules - Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.
    • Carbohydrates provide a primary energy source and are stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles.
    • They are water-soluble and present in cytoplasm and extra-cellular space.

    Biomolecules - Lipids

    • Lipids are organic molecules composed mostly of hydrophobic chemical components like fatty acids, sterols.
    • Major lipids include triglycerides, phospholipids, and ceramides.
    • Other lipids include cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen.

    Biomolecules - Amino acids, Peptides and Proteins

    • There are 21 different amino acids in humans. 9 are essential amino acids, not synthesized in the body and must be present in diet.
    • Amino acids have an amine group, a carboxylic acid group, and a variable R-group.
    • Amino acids form peptides and proteins.
    • Proteins have complex structures including primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures

    Biomolecules - Other Small Molecules

      • Important molecules include adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary energy carrier in living cells, crucial for metabolism and energy transfer. Signalling molecules like cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), nitric oxide (NO), and hydrocortisone facilitate intercellular communication, regulating processes like inflammation and growth. Vitamins are essential organic compounds acting as coenzymes and antioxidants, influencing biochemical reactions. Minerals such as sodium and potassium maintain cellular functions, while magnesium supports over 300 enzymatic reactions. Key trace elements like zinc, calcium, and iron play roles in immune function, bone health, and oxygen transport. Urea, a metabolic waste product, is excreted by kidneys to remove excess nitrogen.

    Biomolecules - Nucleic Acids

    • DNA and RNA are nucleic acids.
    • DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid, and RNA is ribonucleic acid.
    • The structural unit of nucleic acids is a nucleotide.

    Nucleotides

    • Nucleotides consist of phosphate group, pentose sugar, and nitrogenous base.
    • The phosphate group is negatively charged.

    The Nitrogenous Bases

    • There are 5 different nitrogen-containing bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, uracil.
    • Purines (A & G) are large, two-ringed bases.
    • Pyrimidines (C, T & U) are smaller, single-ringed bases.

    DNA

    • DNA is a double-stranded molecule.
    • Alternating sugar and phosphate molecules form the DNA backbone.
    • Sugar is deoxyribose.
    • Nucleotides are joined by a phosphodiester linkage.
    • Base pairs (A-T, C-G) are joined by hydrogen bonds.

    DNA

    • The two strands of DNA form a double helix
    • The sequence of one strand is complementary to the other.

    RNA

    • RNA is a single-stranded molecule
    • The sugar in RNA is ribose.
    • Bases include A, U, C & G
    • There are three types of RNA: tRNA, rRNA, mRNA.

    Summary – DNA vs RNA

    • DNA is located in the nucleus, while RNA is found in the cytoplasm.
    • DNA's main function is directing protein synthesis and replication. RNA carries out genetic instructions for protein synthesis.
    • DNA has deoxyribose sugar, and RNA has ribose sugar.
    • DNA bases are A-T, C-G, and RNA bases are A-U, C-G.
    • DNA is a double helix, and RNA is a single straight or folded strand.

    DNA → RNA → amino acids

    • DNA is the master blueprint for protein synthesis.
    • Genes are segments of DNA that code for polypeptides.
    • DNA sequence determines the amino acid sequence in a polypeptide chain.
    • Codons are triplets of bases that "encode" amino acids.
    • Processes involved in protein synthesis include transcription and translation.

    The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

    • Explains the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.
    • Two steps: transcription and translation.
    • Transcription produces an RNA copy of a DNA segment.
    • Translation converts the RNA information into proteins.

    Transcription - RNA Synthesis

    • DNA never leaves the nucleus, but proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm.
    • A copy of the gene (mRNA) is made and carries the genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
    • The process of copying the genetic information in the DNA to mRNA is referred to as transcription.

    Translation - Protein Synthesis

    • Translation occurs in ribosomes, either free or bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
    • Transfer RNA (tRNA) is crucial for linking mRNA codons to amino acids.
    • Ribosomes translate mRNA's codons into amino acids, to synthesise a polypeptide chain (protein).

    Mechanism of Enzyme Activity

    • Enzymes follow three basic steps: binding of substance to active site, internal rearrangement to form products and release of products, to initiate the next cycle.
    • Enzyme specificity is described by four types: absolute, group, linkage and stereochemical specificity.

    Lock and Key Theory

    • Enzyme's 3D structure determines the active site's shape, influencing its specificity.
    • The lock-and-key model describes that substrates fit into active sites like a key into a lock, a mechanism used by enzymes to regulate biochemical reactions.

    Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

    • Temperature, pH, concentration of enzyme & substrate, and inhibitors affect enzyme activity.
    • Optimal temperature and pH are crucial for enzyme function.
    • Enzyme denaturation occurs at high temperatures.
    • Concentration increases reaction rate up to a point.
    • Inhibitors can affect enzyme activity.

    Enzymes and Cofactors

    • Enzyme cofactors are needed for enzyme function.
    • Cofactors can be inorganic (metals) or organic (coenzymes).
    • Examples of cofactors include thiamine pyrophosphate, flavin adenine nucleotide, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, pyridoxal phosphate.

    Enzymes and Collagen Synthesis

    • Collagen, the most abundant protein in the body, is a component of connective tissues (skin, bones, cartilage).
    • Collagen has a triple helical structure.
    • Enzyme-catalyzed hydroxylation of proline residues is necessary for collagen's triple helix configuration. Specific enzymes, reduced iron (Fe+2) and ascorbate (vitamin C) are crucial in this process.

    ATP and Energy Production

    • ATP is the main energy currency of the body.
    • Energy from food is stored in ATP's bonds
    • ATP has a molecular weight of 507 Da
    • ATP is water-soluble.

    Cellular Respiration

    • Cellular respiration converts glucose into ATP (energy).
    • The process involved includes Glycolysis, Tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
    • Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in the mitochondria via the electron transport chain.

    Co-enzyme Q10 (Ubiquinone)

    • A fat-soluble compound found primarily in the mitochondria.
    • It is part of the electron transport chain and plays a role in energy production.

    Components of an Animal Cell

    • Structures within an animal cell like centrioles, peroxisomes, smooth/rough ER, Golgi complex plays different roles in the functioning of the cell.
    • Other components include lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, nucleus and nuclear envelope.

    Additional Information

    • Links to videos about protein synthesis and respiration are provided.
    • Articles that discuss the importance of protease enzymes in the skin have been cited.

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    Description

    This quiz tests your knowledge on the fundamental principles of biochemistry, covering topics like DNA replication, enzyme functions, and cellular components. You'll explore how biochemistry relates to both living organisms and cosmetic products. Get ready to deepen your understanding of life's chemical processes!

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