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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of animal nutrition?
What is the primary focus of animal nutrition?
What defines a 'nutrient' in the context of animal nutrition?
What defines a 'nutrient' in the context of animal nutrition?
Which term describes the total amount of feed consumed by an animal in a 24-hour period?
Which term describes the total amount of feed consumed by an animal in a 24-hour period?
What is the main purpose of a 'supplement' in animal nutrition?
What is the main purpose of a 'supplement' in animal nutrition?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of 'concentrates'?
Which of the following is a characteristic of 'concentrates'?
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In measuring animal body composition, what does 'DM' stand for?
In measuring animal body composition, what does 'DM' stand for?
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Which animal body composition element typically decreases as body weight increases?
Which animal body composition element typically decreases as body weight increases?
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What is a 'feedstuff'?
What is a 'feedstuff'?
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What is the main goal of supporting functional foods in animal products?
What is the main goal of supporting functional foods in animal products?
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Which of the following is NOT a benefit of proper nutrition in animals?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of proper nutrition in animals?
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What did the developments in the 19th century contribute to animal nutrition?
What did the developments in the 19th century contribute to animal nutrition?
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What categorization is made in Weende’s system of proximate analysis?
What categorization is made in Weende’s system of proximate analysis?
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Why is accurate knowledge of feed composition critical for animal nutritionists?
Why is accurate knowledge of feed composition critical for animal nutritionists?
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How does high-quality feed contribute to animal digestive health?
How does high-quality feed contribute to animal digestive health?
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What is a potential outcome of conducting nutrient analyses in feed?
What is a potential outcome of conducting nutrient analyses in feed?
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Which aspect of nutrition is tailored to help animals adapt to environmental challenges?
Which aspect of nutrition is tailored to help animals adapt to environmental challenges?
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What are energy feeds also known as?
What are energy feeds also known as?
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Which group of feeds contains more than 20% crude protein?
Which group of feeds contains more than 20% crude protein?
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Why is good nutrition important for domesticated livestock?
Why is good nutrition important for domesticated livestock?
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What is a benefit of balanced diets in livestock nutrition?
What is a benefit of balanced diets in livestock nutrition?
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Which of the following is NOT classified under the NRC as a feed type?
Which of the following is NOT classified under the NRC as a feed type?
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How does optimal feed efficiency impact food production?
How does optimal feed efficiency impact food production?
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Which characteristic is true for concentrates?
Which characteristic is true for concentrates?
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What role do non-nutritive feed additives play in animal nutrition?
What role do non-nutritive feed additives play in animal nutrition?
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Study Notes
Principles of Animal Nutrition (ANIM 311)
- Course instructor: Benjamin Adjei Mensah (Ph.D.)
- Course location: Department of Animal Science, UG
- Course email: [email protected]/[email protected]
- Course title: Principles of Animal Nutrition (ANIM 311)
Concepts of Nutrition
- Lesson Objectives:
- Introduce and discuss basic concepts of nutrition and nutritional terminology.
- Introduce and discuss fundamental nutrients in animal diets.
The Science of Nutrition
- Nutrition: Deals with chemical reactions and physiological processes that transform food into body tissues and activities.
- Animal Nutrition: Scientific study of dietary needs, nutritional management, and animal health.
- Nutrients: Chemical elements or compounds in feed that support health, body maintenance, and productivity.
- Feed: Material ingested by animals that can be digested, absorbed, and utilized.
- Feedstuff: Material with nutritional value, used as feed.
- Ration: Total amount of feed consumed by an animal in a 24-hour period.
- Diet: Type and amount of feed an animal receives in its ration.
- Supplement: Extra feed to correct nutritional deficiencies in the basal diet.
- Concentrate: Highly concentrated source of nutrients, often diluted and mixed to form a supplement or complete feed.
Relationship between Animal and Animal Feed
- Composition of the animal body
- Composition of the animal feed
Table 1: Composition of Steers at Increasing Body Weights (%)
- Data presented in a table format showing the percentage composition (water, DM, protein, fat, ash) of steers at different body weights.
Table 2: % Composition of the Body of Different Animal Species
- Data presented in a table format showing the percentage composition (water, protein, fat, ash) of different animal species.
Composition of Some Feedstuffs (%)
- Data presented in a table format showing the percentage composition (water, protein, fat, carbohydrates, ash) of different feedstuffs (e.g., maize, maize stover, maize grain, soya beans, cassava, groundnut)
Feed Evaluation
- Classification of Feeds:
- Traditional system (7 classes): roughages (carbonaceous and proteinaceous), succulents
- NRC classification system (8 groups): dry forages, succulents, silages, energy feeds, protein concentrates, mineral supplements, vitamin supplements, non-nutritive feed additives.
- Assessment of feed quality:
- Basic feed chemistry
- Animal-based feed analysis
Handling and Storage of Samples
- Representativeness: Collected samples should represent the entire batch or load. Aim for a composite sample by taking multiple core samples from different points.
- Proper grinding, drying to preserve sample integrity.
- Avoid contamination
- Control storage temperatures to prevent spoilage or degradation.
Sampling Methods and Techniques
- Importance of combining multiple core samples and then sub-sampling
- Avoiding samples from exposed areas and considering seasonal variations
- Ensuring collected samples are truly representative to avoid poor analysis and wasted costs.
Tools and Equipment for Sampling
- List of sampling tools and equipment and their purpose
Best Practices and Recommendations
- Frequency of analysis depends on batch size, feed source variability, and cost considerations
- Regular analysis helps track consistency in feed quality.
Proximate Analysis
- Principles of proximate analysis:
- Based on the elimination of water in feed
- The Determination of five proximate principles in the remaining dry matter:
- Crude protein
- Ether extract
- Ash
- Crude fiber
- Nitrogen free extract
Dry Matter vs. As-Fed
- Importance of comparing feed values on a dry matter basis as all feeds contain water.
Dry Matter (DM)
- Determination of dry matter:
- Drying test material at 105°C overnight in an oven
- Calculation of dry matter and possible errors in analysis.
Crude Protein (CP)
- Kjeldahl Method: Developed by Johan Kjeldahl in 1883, used for protein estimation.
- Protein estimation based on nitrogen content.
Kjeldahl Procedure (Steps)
- Digestion :chemical reaction with acids
- Distillation: Separation of ammonia gas
- Titration: measurement of ammonia
Ether Extract (EE)
- Procedure for extracting fat.
- Limitations of the test in estimating feed caloric value and quality of fat.
Ash
- Ash determination
- High ash values indicate feed contamination.
Crude Fiber (CF)
- Procedure for estimating crude fiber: Boiled in acid and alkali solutions.
- Calculation of crude fiber
Nitrogen-Free Extract (NFE)
- Formula for calculating NFE
- NFE is a calculated and not measured value.
Fibre Estimation
- Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF)
- Methods and formulas for determining NDF and ADF.
Why is Nutrition Important? (Reasons)
- Human Dependence: Livestock depend on humans for balanced diets in controlled environments.
- Human-provided nutrition aligns livestock productivity with agricultural needs.
- Economics of Production: Feed costs typically account for a significant portion of livestock production costs. Efficiently balanced diets reduce costs.
- Environmental Protection: Balanced diets can reduce methane emissions from ruminant livestock. Optimized feeding leads to better manure quality.
- Enhanced Food Production with Limited Resources: Optimized feed efficiency allowing animals to produce more meat, milk, eggs with less feed. Adaptation to local conditions allowing efficient use of available resources to reduce reliance on imported feed.
- Human Health and Enhanced Food Quality: Nutritionally enhanced animal products and reduced antibiotic residues and contamination.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of animal nutrition, including essential nutrients and their roles in animal diets. Dive into the science behind dietary needs, nutritional management, and the physiological processes involved in transforming food into body tissues. Test your knowledge and understanding of this vital topic in the study of animal science.
