Prime Numbers and Their Properties

A prime number is a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself.
Examples include: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, etc.
The number 2 is the only even prime number; all other even numbers can be divided by 2.

A prime number must be greater than 1.
It has exactly two distinct positive divisors: 1 and the number itself.
The distribution of prime numbers among natural numbers is irregular.
Primes can be infinite, as proven by Euclid.
Every integer greater than 1 can be uniquely expressed as a product of prime numbers (Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic).

Sieve of Eratosthenes: An efficient algorithm for finding all primes up to a specified integer.
1. Create a list of integers from 2 to n.
2. Start with the first prime number (2).
3. Eliminate all multiples of that prime.
4. Move to the next number in the list and repeat until all numbers are processed.
Trial Division: Check divisibility of a number by all primes up to its square root.
Primality Tests: Advanced algorithms like the Miller-Rabin test or AKS primality test for large numbers.

Public Key Cryptography: Utilizes the difficulty of factoring large prime numbers for secure communication.
RSA Algorithm: Based on the product of two large prime numbers.
- Key generation involves selecting two large primes and multiplying them to form a semiprime.
- The security relies on the computational difficulty of factorizing this semiprime back into its constituent primes.
Digital signatures and secure transactions often leverage properties of prime numbers to ensure data integrity and authentication.

The process of breaking down a composite number into its prime factors.
Can be expressed uniquely (up to the order of factors) as:
- ( n = p_1^{k_1} \times p_2^{k_2} \times \ldots \times p_m^{k_m} )
- Where ( p_i ) are prime factors and ( k_i ) are their respective powers.
Methods for prime factorization:
- Trial Division: Divide the number by the smallest prime factors until reaching 1.
- Pollard's rho algorithm: A probabilistic algorithm for larger numbers.
- Quadratic Sieve and General Number Field Sieve: More efficient for very large integers.

A prime number is a natural number greater than 1 with no positive divisors other than 1 and itself.
Examples of prime numbers include: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13.
The number 2 is unique as the only even prime number, while all other even numbers have 2 as a divisor.

Prime numbers must be greater than 1.
Each prime number has exactly two distinct positive divisors: 1 and itself.
The distribution of prime numbers among natural numbers does not follow a predictable pattern.
Euclid proved that there are infinitely many prime numbers.
Every integer greater than 1 can be expressed uniquely as a product of prime numbers, known as the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic.

Sieve of Eratosthenes: An efficient method to find all primes up to a specified integer.
- Begin with a list of integers from 2 to n.
- Start with the first prime (2), eliminate its multiples.
- Proceed to the next number and repeat until all are processed.
Trial Division: Involves checking a number's divisibility against primes up to its square root.
Primality Tests: Advanced algorithms such as the Miller-Rabin test or AKS test, useful for large numbers.

Public Key Cryptography: Relies on the difficulty of factoring large prime numbers for security.
RSA Algorithm: Based on multiplying two large prime numbers to form a semiprime.
- The security of RSA hinges on the difficulty of factorizing the semiprime into its original prime components.
Digital signatures and secure transactions make use of prime numbers to maintain data integrity and authentication.

Involves breaking down a composite number into its prime factors.
Can be uniquely expressed as:
- ( n = p_1^{k_1} \times p_2^{k_2} \times \ldots \times p_m^{k_m} )
- where ( p_i ) are prime factors and ( k_i ) their respective powers.
Methods for prime factorization include:
- Trial Division: Dividing by the smallest prime factors until reaching 1.
- Pollard's rho algorithm: A probabilistic method for larger numbers.
- Quadratic Sieve and General Number Field Sieve: More efficient techniques for very large integers.

Trial Division:
- Directly checks each number for divisors other than 1 and itself.
- Effective for small ranges of numbers.
- Time complexity is O(√n) for each number.
Sieve of Eratosthenes:
- Algorithm for finding all primes up to a given integer n efficiently.
- Process involves creating a list from 2 to n and marking multiples of each prime.
- Remaining unmarked numbers are classified as primes.
- Time complexity is O(n log log n).
Sieve of Sundaram:
- Generates odd prime numbers specifically.
- Removes numbers in the form of i + j + 2ij from integers up to n.
- The remaining numbers can be expressed as 2n + 1.
Sieve of Atkin:
- A modern and faster algorithm compared to the Sieve of Eratosthenes.
- Utilizes mathematical properties and modular arithmetic for efficiency.
- More complex than traditional methods.
Probabilistic Tests:
- Utilized for testing large numbers where deterministic methods fall short.
- Examples include Miller-Rabin and Fermat tests.
- These tests offer a high probability of identifying primes but may not guarantee results.
Wheel Factorization:
- Optimizes the Sieve of Eratosthenes by eliminating obviously non-prime numbers.
- Based on small prime factors like 2, 3, and 5.
- Reduces the number of candidates for primality testing.

Primes are infinite, demonstrated by Euclid's proof.
As numbers increase, primes become less frequent, yet they display interesting patterns and conjectures, such as twin primes and Goldbach's conjecture.

Prime numbers are natural numbers greater than 1 with no divisors other than 1 and themselves.
The initial prime numbers include 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, and 29.
To determine if a number is prime, check for divisibility by all prime numbers up to its square root; if divisible, it is composite.

Composite numbers are natural numbers greater than 1 that have more than two positive divisors.
Examples of composite numbers are 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, and 20.
A number is composite if it can be evenly divided by any number other than 1 and itself.

The only even prime number is 2; all other even numbers are composite.
There are infinitely many prime numbers, meaning there is no largest prime.
The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic states that every integer greater than 1 can be uniquely expressed as a product of prime numbers.
Prime numbers are crucial in modular arithmetic and play vital roles in algorithms, especially in cryptography.

Every composite number can be broken down into its prime factors.
There are an infinite number of composite numbers.
The smallest composite number is 4.
Composite numbers are classified into even composites (e.g., 4, 6, 8) and odd composites (e.g., 9, 15).
Composite numbers have more than two divisors and can be expressed in different forms, including squares and cubes.