RPH

Primary Source

• Raw materials of history, originating from the time period under examination
• Examples include original documents, objects, diaries, transcripts, biographies, constitutions, and government documents

Secondary Source

• Analyses, interpretations, or restatements of primary sources, often aiming to be persuasive
• Secondhand accounts created by individuals that did not live during the time period
• Examples include reviews, textbooks, synopses, and syntheses

History

• The study of the past influences in the present

Relevance of History

• Study: Prevents past achievements from being forgotten
• Society: Aids in understanding the present and preparing for the future based on past events that influence outcomes
• Human: Offers moral lessons and models of good behavior to guide present actions
• System: Helps to understand national history and develop a sense of identity
• Encourages civic participation and citizenship
• Prevents prejudice
• Appreciates arts and literature
• Fosters personal growth with Philippine Constitution, Article XIV, Education, Science & Technology

Herodotus

• The "Father of History"
• The first historian to systematically document accounts, compiling them into his major work

Prominent Filipino Historians/Researchers

• Renato Constantino: Authored "The Philippine History: The Story of Struggle"
• Felipe Landa Jocano: Disputed the "Migration by Henry Otley Beyer" theory
• Teodoro Agoncillo: Provided "legal and historical evidence"

Historians

• Professionals specializing in a specific historical aspect, approach, or geographic region

Historian Practices

• Emphasize the value of primary sources, dating them accurately to specific time periods
• Footnotes and bibliographies of sources allow others scholars to verify the information
• They are familiar with the historiography of their study area
• Historiography is the history, philosophy and methodology
• Focus on specific, detailed developments and question generalizations
• Thematically organize history with periodization in catalogs
• Acknowledge limitations and biases, avoiding presentism
• Understand topics within their historical context

Non-Historian

• Their Characteristics include romanticizing the past by speaking of the "good old days"
• They believe history repeats itself
• Believe that all historical eras are of great achievements
• They derive information from accessible media and tend to accept any un-critiqued source
• Assume history is always approached the same way and time periods
• Their views are broad generalizations and not objective

Meaning and Relevance of History

• Derived from the Greek word ιστορία (historia), meaning "inquiry," "examination," or "learning through research"
• History deals with the study of significant human events based primarily on written records
• The earliest known written document in the Philippines is the Laguna Copperplate Inscription (LCI), dating to 900 AD
• It was discovered in 1989 near the Lumbang River in Barangay Wawa, Lumban, Laguna
• The Laguna Copperplate Inscription (LCI) marks the demarcation line between the Prehistory and History of the Philippines and is considered a national cultural treasure
• By scholar Antoon Postma, the inscription is a semi-official certificate clearing a high-ranking individual of debt

Collingwood's Perspective

• Historians explain that historians must "re-enact the past" in their minds
• They uncover the past using documents or relics

Edward Hallett Carr's Perspective

• History is a continuous interaction between the historian and past event

Key Concepts

• The word for history in Philippines is "kasaysayan," from "saysay," meaning "meaning" or "significance"
• Only a small portion of the past is remembered, recorded, and survived for studying history
• History builds identity, collective memory, and future lessons

Importance of History

• Understand the present
• Have sense of identity
• Develop critical thinking

Areas of Study in History

• Periodization: Divisions of the past into time blocks with specific start and end dates, and Phillipines history 1565-1898 during Spanish colonization
• Political History: The study of politics in the past, demonstrated by a historical study of Philippine presidents
• Social History: Focuses on social change and ordinary people, such as family and religion
• Cultural History: Study of traditions, customs, arts, and Philippine visual arts
• Economic History: The study of economies or phenomena, historical study on capitalism
• Diplomatic History: Examines international relations
• Military History: The study of warfare and wars

Auxiliary Disciplines

• Geography: Deals with the distribution of physical, biological, and cultural features on Earth
• Archaeology: Studies material remains of past human life
• Political Science: Analyzes political institutions and processes
• Economics: Descriptionof of production, distribution, and consumption
• Sociology: Study of social institutions, and relationships
• Linguistics: Study of language
• Statistics: Deals with Collection, analysis which involves presentation numerical data

Historiography and the Historical Method

• Historiography studies how history is written, including methods, perspectives, and interpretations
• It examines narratives shaped by the historian's context, biases, and sources and studies practices, techniques, of historical methods
• The Historical Method involves evidence from primary and secondary sources to get a correct accounts
• Universally-Accepted Process includes:
• Identification of subject of historical investigation
• Application of the historical method
• Interpretation and actual writing of history

External and Internal Criticisms

• External Criticism: Assesses the authenticity of historical documents through physical attributes
• Internal Criticism: Determines document credibility, accuracy by analyzing contents in the documents

Primary Sources

• Characterized by information on relationship to the research question
• Include letters, diaries, journals, newspapers, photographs, accounts
• Also include: -Original documents -Empirical scholarly and research works -Creative works

Source Criticism

• Evaluating historical sources to determine reliability, authenticity, and relevance
• It assists historians with content, context for better understanding
• Five Types of Texts in Content Analysis: -Written, Oral, Iconic, Audio, Hypertexts

Types of Content Analysis

• Conceptual Analysis: Establishing existence and frequency of concepts in a text
• Relational Analysis: Builds by examining relationships

Judging a Sources

• Reliability: Measure of accuracy and trustworthiness based on origin and content
• Authenticity: Determines the genuineness of a source
• Relevance: Source usefulness
• Reliability Checks: -Author, Date, Context, Assess Purpose, Objectivity to see if source aligns -Provenance, Physical Charactertistics, Ownership History

Historical perspective

• Understanding a topic by considering history and factors
• Involve social, cultural and economic conditions that influenced it
• By examining how social, cultural, political, and economic factors influenced what took place
• Examining motivations, limitations, beliefs
• Step-by-Step Process involves Identifying Historical Context, avoid based on modern standards,Compare and Contrast -Examine differences with the past and the present

Example - Cavite Mutiny using HIstorical Perspective

• The Cavite Mutiny occurred January 20, 1872 at Fort San Felipe in Cavite, Philippines and Spanish colonial rule was imposing heavy taxes, forced labor discriminatory policies

Historical Context

• Social, political, cultural and environmental and economic
• The Spanish Colonial Government (1565-1898) shaped policies on taxation, forced labor (polo y servicio) among indigenous

Rizal's Retraction

• There's an archdiocesan archivist Fr. Manuel Garcia discovered the "original" text
• Several well-known historians have affirmed the authenticity of Rizal's retraction
• Historians show it was evaluated by specialists after comparing it with other relevant manuscript
• On the contrary, notable personalities have doubted the authenticity