Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the Primary sensory cortex?
What is the primary function of the Primary sensory cortex?
- Trigger and execute movement commands
- Localize and identify sensory stimuli (correct)
- Coordinate bilateral movement tasks
- Affect contralateral limbs
Which cortex is referred to as the 'push button' for the spinal cord to trigger muscles?
Which cortex is referred to as the 'push button' for the spinal cord to trigger muscles?
- Motor association cortex
- Somatic sensory cortex
- Primary sensory cortex
- Primary motor cortex (correct)
What type of cortex integrates many sensory modalities?
What type of cortex integrates many sensory modalities?
- Primary motor cortex
- Unimodal association cortex (correct)
- Primary sensory cortex
- Motor association cortex
Which area is responsible for formulating motor programs and complex movements?
Which area is responsible for formulating motor programs and complex movements?
What is the primary function of Somatic sensory cortex?
What is the primary function of Somatic sensory cortex?
Which cortex is responsible for coordinating tasks involving bilateral movement?
Which cortex is responsible for coordinating tasks involving bilateral movement?
Which part of the brain is affected in Parkinson's disease?
Which part of the brain is affected in Parkinson's disease?
Which symptom is not typically associated with cerebellar lesions?
Which symptom is not typically associated with cerebellar lesions?
Which nucleus is not part of the basal ganglia?
Which nucleus is not part of the basal ganglia?
Which pathway of the basal ganglia is affected in Parkinson's disease?
Which pathway of the basal ganglia is affected in Parkinson's disease?
Which symptom is not typical of Huntington's disease?
Which symptom is not typical of Huntington's disease?
Which pathway of the basal ganglia acts to increase thalamus output to the cerebral cortex?
Which pathway of the basal ganglia acts to increase thalamus output to the cerebral cortex?
Which part of the brain is affected in Case 15.4: Nausea, Progressive Unilateral Ataxia, and Right Face Numbness?
Which part of the brain is affected in Case 15.4: Nausea, Progressive Unilateral Ataxia, and Right Face Numbness?
Which part of the brain is affected in hemiballismus?
Which part of the brain is affected in hemiballismus?
Which part of the brain is affected in athetosis?
Which part of the brain is affected in athetosis?
Which part of the brain is responsible for predictive control over movement?
Which part of the brain is responsible for predictive control over movement?
What is the term for the inability to attend to information on the contralateral side due to damage to the right parietal association cortex or frontal?
What is the term for the inability to attend to information on the contralateral side due to damage to the right parietal association cortex or frontal?
What is the name of the syndrome where the hand seems out of control and acts autonomously, mischievously due to damage to the corpus callosum and/or SMA area of the non-dominant hemisphere?
What is the name of the syndrome where the hand seems out of control and acts autonomously, mischievously due to damage to the corpus callosum and/or SMA area of the non-dominant hemisphere?
Which cerebellar peduncle carries mostly outputs?
Which cerebellar peduncle carries mostly outputs?
What is the functional region of the cerebellum that has the dentate nucleus?
What is the functional region of the cerebellum that has the dentate nucleus?
What type of ataxia is caused by midline damage (vermis) of the cerebellum?
What type of ataxia is caused by midline damage (vermis) of the cerebellum?
What brain system regulates the level of consciousness and acts on all different modules?
What brain system regulates the level of consciousness and acts on all different modules?
What are the four types of neglect?
What are the four types of neglect?
What is the term for the dis-ownership of limbs following damage to the right parietal lobe?
What is the term for the dis-ownership of limbs following damage to the right parietal lobe?
What structure carries ipsilateral inputs and contralateral outputs to the thalamus?
What structure carries ipsilateral inputs and contralateral outputs to the thalamus?
What is the term for the lack of awareness of hemi-neglect following damage to the right parietal lobe?
What is the term for the lack of awareness of hemi-neglect following damage to the right parietal lobe?
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Study Notes
Primary Sensory Cortex and Motor Cortex
- Primary sensory cortex: raw data localize and identify sensory stimuli
- Primary motor cortex: trigger and execute movement commands
- Primary motor cortex contains UPN and sends signals to LPN to trigger and modulate for execution
- Two types of association cortex: Unimodal and Multimodal
Somatosensory Cortex and Motor Association Cortex
- Somatic sensory cortex: driven by primary motor cortex due to basic muscle contraction
- Motor association cortex: integrates many sensory modalities
- Pre-motor cortex: set related and directional specific, affects contralateral limbs
- Supplementary motor cortex: responsible for formulating motor programs and level of complex movements
Basal Ganglia
- Basal ganglia: 5 interconnected nuclei (Caudate, Globus pallidus externus, Globus pallidus internus, Putamen, and Subthalamic nucleus)
- Striatum consists of Caudate and Putamen
- Lenticular nucleus consists of Putamen and Globus pallidus
- Inputs from the entire cerebral cortex project to the striatum
- Motor channel, Oculomotor channel, Prefrontal channel, and Limbic channel are the four channels of basal ganglia
- Direct pathway: acts to increase thalamus output to cerebral cortex
- Indirect pathway: acts to decrease thalamus output to cerebral cortex
- Dopamine effects: direct pathway is excited by dopamine, indirect pathway is inhibited by dopamine
Parkinson's Disease and Huntington's Disease
- Parkinson's disease: degeneration of dopamine neurons in the subthalamic nucleus, indirect pathway
- Parkinson's disease symptoms: bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity, postural instability
- Huntington's disease: genetic component, onset between 30-50 years, cells in indirect pathway mostly affected
- Huntington's disease symptoms: chorea, dystonia, abnormal eye movement, dementia, depression, anxiety, or OC emotional disorders
Vascular Supply and Brain Injury
- Vascular supply: Common carotid artery, External and internal carotid artery, Anterior and middle cerebral artery, Basilar artery, Posterior cerebral artery, Circle of Willis
- Vascular injury types: blockage/occlusion, hemorrhage, ruptured aneurysm, thrombus, embolism
- Symptoms dependent on the location of the block or bleed
Brain Systems for Content and Level of Consciousness
- Content of consciousness: provided by hierarchically organized sensory and motor systems, brain systems for memory, emotions, and drives
- Level of consciousness: regulated by the consciousness system
- Symptoms: alien hand, damage to corpus callosum and/or SMA area of the non-dominant hemisphere
Cerebellum
- Anatomy: major lobes (Anterior, Posterior, Flocculo-nodular), divided by Postero-lateral fissure and Primary fissure
- 4 functional regions: Vermis, Intermediate zone, Lateral, Flocculo-nodular
- Input pathways: Ipsilateral, Pontocerebellar fibers, Spinocerebellar pathways, Vestibular inputs
- Output pathways: Vermis, Intermediate, Lateral
- Lesions to intermediate hemisphere: Ipsilateral symptoms with abnormal reflexes, Pendular reflexes with ataxia, Dysrhythmia, Dysmetria, Intention tremor, Dysdiadochokinesia, Dysarthria
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