Primary Defences Against Diseases

Epidermis

False (B)

Sebum

<p>Specific immune response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A sequence of biochemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood clot</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Numbness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specific to a particular pathogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sneezing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Goblet cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eustachian tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The outermost layer of skin, composed of dead, hardened cells filled with keratin. Acts as a physical barrier against pathogens.

A fibrous protein that makes up the majority of the epidermis, providing strength and protection.

The process by which cells in the base of the epidermis divide, migrate outwards, and produce keratin, eventually becoming dead, hardened cells.

Oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands on the skin surface, contains fatty acids that create an acidic layer, inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria.

The process of forming a blood clot to prevent infection and blood loss after injury.

Cells in the blood that release clotting factors and are involved in blood clot formation.

Substances released by platelets that trigger a chain reaction of enzymatic activity leading to clot formation.

A sequence of biochemical reactions where one enzyme activates another, leading to a rapid cascade of events, like in blood clotting.

An active enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen into fibrin, creating a mesh-like structure for the blood clot.

A soluble protein in blood that is converted into fibrin by thrombin, forming the meshwork of the blood clot.

An insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen by thrombin, creating a mesh-like network that traps platelets and red blood cells, forming a blood clot.

A dried-up blood clot that protects a wound from infection, allowing the underlying skin to heal.

Specialized cells in the epidermis that can divide and differentiate into different skin cells, enabling healing.

A natural bodily response to tissue damage or foreign stimuli, characterized by swelling, redness, heat, and pain.

Specialized cells in tissues that release histamine in response to infection or injury.

A chemical released by mast cells that causes blood vessels to dilate (vasodilation) and increases their permeability to white blood cells.

The widening of blood vessels, causing increased blood flow to an area, often associated with inflammation.

The process of fluids, white blood cells, and proteins leaving the blood vessels and entering the tissue fluid, contributing to swelling (oedema).

Excess tissue fluid that drains into the lymphatic system, which contains lymphocytes.

A type of white blood cell responsible for specific immune responses against pathogens.

Automatic bodily reflexes that expel harmful substances from the body, such as coughing and sneezing.

A forceful expulsion of air from the lungs, triggered by irritants in the airways, to clear the respiratory tract.

A forceful expulsion of air through the nose and mouth, triggered by irritants in the nasal passages, to clear the upper respiratory tract.

A specialized lining found in the body's airways, lungs, and digestive system, containing mucus-secreting cells and ciliated cells.

Cells in mucous membranes that secrete mucus, which traps pathogens.

A viscous fluid secreted by goblet cells in mucous membranes, which traps pathogens.

Specialized hair-like structures found in the mucous membranes of the airways, that move in a coordinated fashion to waft mucus, and trapped pathogens, upwards towards the throat.

The lining of the throat, where the trachea opens up into the oesophagus, where mucus is transported by cilia.

The tube that connects the mouth to the stomach, where mucus is swallowed and then passes through the digestive system.

The acidic fluid in the stomach with a pH of 1-2, that helps to breakdown food and kill or inhibit the growth of many pathogens.

The transparent fluid that lubricates and protects the eyes, containing antibodies and enzymes that help to fight pathogens.

Waxy substance in the ear canal that traps pathogens and keeps dust and debris out of the ear.

The opening of the uterus into the vagina, where a mucus plug forms to help prevent pathogens from entering the female reproductive system.